CORRECT WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
CORRECT = 100
100
INCORRECT=0
STUDY MATERIALS.......DESIGNED TO HELP YOU SUCCEED
SPOTLIGHT 1
1
, 100% CORRECT WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
UPDATE!!!!!!2026|GUARANTEED PASS|GRADED
Atrophy - ANSWER E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is
an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of
cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - ANSWER E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur,
size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial resection;
may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal
stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary
gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - ANSWER E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape,
organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical
hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
2
,Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer
development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo
laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - ANSWER E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type
for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation;
Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the
influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated
epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.;
Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in
response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - ANSWER E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic
metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - ANSWER E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will
overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis
Ethanol - ANSWER E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional
status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and
fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
3
, Oncosis - ANSWER Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in
weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain
infections
Fatty Infiltration - ANSWER intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - ANSWER accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification - ANSWER accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can
also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - ANSWER sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group
of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis - ANSWER kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis - ANSWER nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis - ANSWER lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped
cheese
Fat Necrosis - ANSWER breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis - ANSWER Dry- dark shriveled skin
4
CORRECT = 100
100
INCORRECT=0
STUDY MATERIALS.......DESIGNED TO HELP YOU SUCCEED
SPOTLIGHT 1
1
, 100% CORRECT WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
UPDATE!!!!!!2026|GUARANTEED PASS|GRADED
Atrophy - ANSWER E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is
an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of
cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - ANSWER E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur,
size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial resection;
may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal
stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary
gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - ANSWER E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape,
organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical
hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
2
,Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer
development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo
laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - ANSWER E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type
for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation;
Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the
influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated
epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.;
Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in
response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - ANSWER E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic
metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - ANSWER E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will
overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis
Ethanol - ANSWER E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional
status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and
fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
3
, Oncosis - ANSWER Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in
weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain
infections
Fatty Infiltration - ANSWER intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - ANSWER accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification - ANSWER accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can
also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - ANSWER sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group
of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis - ANSWER kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis - ANSWER nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis - ANSWER lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped
cheese
Fat Necrosis - ANSWER breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis - ANSWER Dry- dark shriveled skin
4
