NTR 450 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026
Why translational research / medicinematters - Answers the main objective of the translational
research is to make sure that the discoveries that advance into human trials have the highest possible
chance of success in terms of both safety and efficacy in human studies
basic science research - T0 - Answers preclinical and animal studies
- Defining pathobiology,
mechanisms, targets, and
lead molecules and initial
regulatory interaction
Translation to human - T1 - Answers phase 1 clincal trials
- New methods of
diagnosis, treatment, and
prevention
Translation to patients - T2 - Answers phase 2/3 clinical trials
- Controlled studies leading to effective care, benefit/risk profile, health economic data
Translation to practice - T3 - Answers Phase 4 clinical trials and clinical outcomes research
- Delivery of recommended and
timely care to the right patient, post marketing safety, new indications
Translation to community - T4 - Answers Population-level outcomes research
- true benefit to society
whats more effective for preventing T2D developement - Answers lifestyle interventions and
medications
what does pre diabetes increase the risk of - Answers type 2 diabetes
heart disease
stroke
if your patients have prediabetes losing weight by - Answers eating healthy and being more active
lifestyle change program - Answers - A trained lifestyle coach
- CDC-approved curriculum
- Group support over
the course of a year
CDC is working to - Answers build a workfact, ensure quality, sustain nationwide, and increase
referrals
what would you like to see included in the study design - Answers P population
I intervention
C comparison
O outcomes
Numerous studies have translated the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) protocol to "real-world"
settings by? - Answers The purpose of this paper is to review the translational research of the DPP
protocol in adults at-risk for T2D. This study is a systematic review based on the guidelines from the
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews.
what are challenges and roadblocks to the DPP - Answers poor hypothesis, irreproducible data, and
stat errors
Physical activity and/or dietary intervention
in overweight or obese breast cancer
survivors: results of the InForma
randomized trial purpose - Answers This study aimed to test the efficacy of a 6-monthintervention on
weight loss in a group of overweightor obese breast cancer (BC) survivors. We promotedadherence to
a healthy diet or/and to increasephysical activity, making use of a step counter device.Here we
present results regarding the change inanthropometric measures and blood parameters
what were the methods for the PA/ dietary invention in InForma - Answers 266 women treated for BC
with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2were randomized to a 6-month intervention intofour arms: Dietary
Intervention (DI); PhysicalActivity Intervention (PAI); Physical Activity andDietary Intervention (PADI);
Minimal Intervention(MI). Women were offered individualized counselingby a dietitian, a
physiotherapist and a psychologist.Participants were followed up for an additional18 months.
, over findings from PA/ dietary intervention in InForma - Answers Lifestyle intervention mainly focused
on thedietetic component and making use of a stepcounter improved body weight,
circumferencesand glucose levels.
efficacy vs effectiveness - Answers Efficacy RCTs, also known asexploratory trials, are common
innutrition research, as they aredesigned to evaluate the causaleffects of nutritional interventions
onhealth outcomes, while controlling forconfounding variables, under idealcircumstances
effectiveness - Answers Effectiveness RCTs, also known aspragmatic trials, assess the real-world
relevance of findings derivedfrom efficacy RCTs by employing analternative design
communities and cohorts - Answers national school lunch program and school breakfast program
30,000,000 children participate somelevel on average daily• Scale for charge based on financial
ability• Public, nonprofit private or residentialchild care institution eligible
T2 research - Answers Translation to patients
Controlled studies that can lead to clinical applications
Efficacy studies = Does the treatment have the intended effect for the patient?Establishing internal
validity is the priority
efficacy vs effectiveness - subjects - Answers specific population vs primary care setting
efficacy example for subject - Answers Premenopausal women with obesity and prediabetes
efficacy vs effectiveness - eligibilty - Answers strict eligibilty not generializable vs broad and
generizable
efficacy example for eligibilty - Answers Women, ages 50-65, BMI 30.0-39.9, with a diagnosis
ofprediabetes
efficacy vs effectiveness - analyses - Answers often limities vs intention to treat
efficacy examples for analysis - Answers Withdrawn participants excluded from final analysis
study to review from guest lecture - Answers 16-week RCT to compare 2 different %CHO intake with
exercise training in people with spinal cord injury or limb differences
• Primary outcome measures:• Weight and body composition (DXA and BIA)
• Fasting glucose and HbA1c (fingerstick)
Weight - Answers Access to a wheelchair scale?
BMI calculation adjustments (amputee-coalition.org)
Body composition (Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis) - Answers Where do you place electrodes when
there are limb differences?
HgA1c (fingerstick) - Answers How do you perform a fingerstick if fingers are not available?
T3 examples from maternal child health - Answers focus is on implementation and effectiveness
Goal is to improve health outcomes by adopting evidence-based interventions
NHANES accronym - Answers National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
goal of NHANES - Answers U.S. population-based estimates of:
Health conditions
Awareness, treatment and control of selected disease
s Environmental exposures
Nutrition status and diet behaviors
Establish and maintain a biospecimen program
NHANES data sample - Answers Civilian, non-institutionalized householdpopulation in the United
States
Target: 5,000 individuals examined annually
Currently oversample:
African Americans
Asian Americans
Hispanics
Older persons aged 80+
Low income whites
NHANES participant remuneration - Answers Remuneration $60 - $125
Transportation (bus, taxi, mileage) reimbursed
Additional remuneration for other components
how is NHANES data released - Answers QC
Editing/cleanup
Why translational research / medicinematters - Answers the main objective of the translational
research is to make sure that the discoveries that advance into human trials have the highest possible
chance of success in terms of both safety and efficacy in human studies
basic science research - T0 - Answers preclinical and animal studies
- Defining pathobiology,
mechanisms, targets, and
lead molecules and initial
regulatory interaction
Translation to human - T1 - Answers phase 1 clincal trials
- New methods of
diagnosis, treatment, and
prevention
Translation to patients - T2 - Answers phase 2/3 clinical trials
- Controlled studies leading to effective care, benefit/risk profile, health economic data
Translation to practice - T3 - Answers Phase 4 clinical trials and clinical outcomes research
- Delivery of recommended and
timely care to the right patient, post marketing safety, new indications
Translation to community - T4 - Answers Population-level outcomes research
- true benefit to society
whats more effective for preventing T2D developement - Answers lifestyle interventions and
medications
what does pre diabetes increase the risk of - Answers type 2 diabetes
heart disease
stroke
if your patients have prediabetes losing weight by - Answers eating healthy and being more active
lifestyle change program - Answers - A trained lifestyle coach
- CDC-approved curriculum
- Group support over
the course of a year
CDC is working to - Answers build a workfact, ensure quality, sustain nationwide, and increase
referrals
what would you like to see included in the study design - Answers P population
I intervention
C comparison
O outcomes
Numerous studies have translated the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) protocol to "real-world"
settings by? - Answers The purpose of this paper is to review the translational research of the DPP
protocol in adults at-risk for T2D. This study is a systematic review based on the guidelines from the
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews.
what are challenges and roadblocks to the DPP - Answers poor hypothesis, irreproducible data, and
stat errors
Physical activity and/or dietary intervention
in overweight or obese breast cancer
survivors: results of the InForma
randomized trial purpose - Answers This study aimed to test the efficacy of a 6-monthintervention on
weight loss in a group of overweightor obese breast cancer (BC) survivors. We promotedadherence to
a healthy diet or/and to increasephysical activity, making use of a step counter device.Here we
present results regarding the change inanthropometric measures and blood parameters
what were the methods for the PA/ dietary invention in InForma - Answers 266 women treated for BC
with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2were randomized to a 6-month intervention intofour arms: Dietary
Intervention (DI); PhysicalActivity Intervention (PAI); Physical Activity andDietary Intervention (PADI);
Minimal Intervention(MI). Women were offered individualized counselingby a dietitian, a
physiotherapist and a psychologist.Participants were followed up for an additional18 months.
, over findings from PA/ dietary intervention in InForma - Answers Lifestyle intervention mainly focused
on thedietetic component and making use of a stepcounter improved body weight,
circumferencesand glucose levels.
efficacy vs effectiveness - Answers Efficacy RCTs, also known asexploratory trials, are common
innutrition research, as they aredesigned to evaluate the causaleffects of nutritional interventions
onhealth outcomes, while controlling forconfounding variables, under idealcircumstances
effectiveness - Answers Effectiveness RCTs, also known aspragmatic trials, assess the real-world
relevance of findings derivedfrom efficacy RCTs by employing analternative design
communities and cohorts - Answers national school lunch program and school breakfast program
30,000,000 children participate somelevel on average daily• Scale for charge based on financial
ability• Public, nonprofit private or residentialchild care institution eligible
T2 research - Answers Translation to patients
Controlled studies that can lead to clinical applications
Efficacy studies = Does the treatment have the intended effect for the patient?Establishing internal
validity is the priority
efficacy vs effectiveness - subjects - Answers specific population vs primary care setting
efficacy example for subject - Answers Premenopausal women with obesity and prediabetes
efficacy vs effectiveness - eligibilty - Answers strict eligibilty not generializable vs broad and
generizable
efficacy example for eligibilty - Answers Women, ages 50-65, BMI 30.0-39.9, with a diagnosis
ofprediabetes
efficacy vs effectiveness - analyses - Answers often limities vs intention to treat
efficacy examples for analysis - Answers Withdrawn participants excluded from final analysis
study to review from guest lecture - Answers 16-week RCT to compare 2 different %CHO intake with
exercise training in people with spinal cord injury or limb differences
• Primary outcome measures:• Weight and body composition (DXA and BIA)
• Fasting glucose and HbA1c (fingerstick)
Weight - Answers Access to a wheelchair scale?
BMI calculation adjustments (amputee-coalition.org)
Body composition (Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis) - Answers Where do you place electrodes when
there are limb differences?
HgA1c (fingerstick) - Answers How do you perform a fingerstick if fingers are not available?
T3 examples from maternal child health - Answers focus is on implementation and effectiveness
Goal is to improve health outcomes by adopting evidence-based interventions
NHANES accronym - Answers National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
goal of NHANES - Answers U.S. population-based estimates of:
Health conditions
Awareness, treatment and control of selected disease
s Environmental exposures
Nutrition status and diet behaviors
Establish and maintain a biospecimen program
NHANES data sample - Answers Civilian, non-institutionalized householdpopulation in the United
States
Target: 5,000 individuals examined annually
Currently oversample:
African Americans
Asian Americans
Hispanics
Older persons aged 80+
Low income whites
NHANES participant remuneration - Answers Remuneration $60 - $125
Transportation (bus, taxi, mileage) reimbursed
Additional remuneration for other components
how is NHANES data released - Answers QC
Editing/cleanup
