6 marks- outline how neurological damage from stroke/injury affects
motor abilities
during a stroke, blood supply to the brain is affected which is caused
by a bleed or blossed blood vessels in the brain. this lack of blood
suppply can cause nerve cells to be damaged. injuries affecting spinal
cord will result in neurological damage. damage to motor cortex
causes loss of coordination and fine motor skills ( walking, picking up
objects) damage to cerebellum can cause loss of balance and
coordination, such as staggering when walking, inability to walk in a
straight line, difficulty judging distance. damage to right hemisphere
affects left side of thr body vice versa. a stroke can cause anxiety,
forgetfullness or confusion, as well as language difficulties. if brocas
area gets damaged, they will have problems formulating words and
speech. meanwhile, wernickes area causes difficulty understanding
speech. damage to somatosensory area can cause numbness and pins
and needles sensation- affecting desire to walk or activities like sports.
damage to visual cortex causes loss of eyesight and damage to
auditory cortex causes hearing loss- significant effect on behaviours
they can carry out- social interactions and understanding social cues.
brain function is ocalised and so the neurological damage affecting
motor and behaviour is determined by which parts of the body are
affected.
hebbs theory (4 marks)
his theory suggests that when we learn, new connections are created
in our brains. learning leaves an engram in the brain which can
become permenent if we keep rehearsing the information and
practising. during learning, groups of neurons (cell assemblies) fire
together and when it happens frequently, neuralpathways are
developed. hebb stated the brain is like a muscle- synpatic connections
become stronger the more we use them. when a neuron repeatedly
excites another, neuronal growth occurs and synaptic knob becomes
larger
evaluate tulvings study (5 marks)
a strength of tulvings study is that it used objective scientific methods,
the brain scans he utilised produce quantative, biological data and so
are less open to bias as participants can not manipulate results on
, social desiriability basis. this increases internal validyt as its more lkely
the difference in brain activity was due to different types of memory.
However, a weakness is that it was carried out on only 6 partitcipants
including himself, which means it may be unlikely to be representative
of all brains-espeically different ages, this reduces ecological validity
as it can not be generalised. when thinking about a personal
experience, there is a mixture of episodic and semantic memories, this
means more parts may have been active than the researher intended,
reduces reliability as can not be certain if its purely episodic or
semantic
describe and evaluate james-lange theory of emotion (6 marks)
the theory can be summed up as event-arousal-interpretation-emotion,
and that emotions are us perceiving and interpreting physical changes
in the body. if no change is perceived by brain (increase in heart rate,
dilating pupils) no emotion is felt. ‘We do not weep because we feel
sorrow, we feel sorrow because we weep.’ there is real life exmaples
evidence such as phobias that support it, eg a person who has a public
speaking fear interprets their heart rate increasing and labels it as
fear. cannon bard theory opposes, states that emotion occurs at the
same time arousal eg embarassment and blushig. not based on
research findings from experiments but only relief on correlational
research and clinical findings- lacks validity/ schachter and singers two
factor theory of emotion views as reductionalist- cognitive element as
we use social dues to decide what the physioloigcal arousal may mean.
discuss whether hebbs theory supports having growth mindset during
learning (9 marks)
fixed minset is the belief that success is due to innate factors like
genes- someone with it is demotivated by failure. growth mindset is
belief that ability is due to effort, driven by failure. hebbs theory
suggests that when we learn engram is created, can be made
permenent if we rehearse and practise, if a neuron repeadetedly
excited another- neuronal growrth and synaptic knob. cell assemblies
fire together to create neural pathways. growth mindset means being
more willing to persist even if success doesnt immediately occur.
additionally, it means the ability to see that putting in extra time and
effort is worthwhile. according to hebb, this will make more efficient
motor abilities
during a stroke, blood supply to the brain is affected which is caused
by a bleed or blossed blood vessels in the brain. this lack of blood
suppply can cause nerve cells to be damaged. injuries affecting spinal
cord will result in neurological damage. damage to motor cortex
causes loss of coordination and fine motor skills ( walking, picking up
objects) damage to cerebellum can cause loss of balance and
coordination, such as staggering when walking, inability to walk in a
straight line, difficulty judging distance. damage to right hemisphere
affects left side of thr body vice versa. a stroke can cause anxiety,
forgetfullness or confusion, as well as language difficulties. if brocas
area gets damaged, they will have problems formulating words and
speech. meanwhile, wernickes area causes difficulty understanding
speech. damage to somatosensory area can cause numbness and pins
and needles sensation- affecting desire to walk or activities like sports.
damage to visual cortex causes loss of eyesight and damage to
auditory cortex causes hearing loss- significant effect on behaviours
they can carry out- social interactions and understanding social cues.
brain function is ocalised and so the neurological damage affecting
motor and behaviour is determined by which parts of the body are
affected.
hebbs theory (4 marks)
his theory suggests that when we learn, new connections are created
in our brains. learning leaves an engram in the brain which can
become permenent if we keep rehearsing the information and
practising. during learning, groups of neurons (cell assemblies) fire
together and when it happens frequently, neuralpathways are
developed. hebb stated the brain is like a muscle- synpatic connections
become stronger the more we use them. when a neuron repeatedly
excites another, neuronal growth occurs and synaptic knob becomes
larger
evaluate tulvings study (5 marks)
a strength of tulvings study is that it used objective scientific methods,
the brain scans he utilised produce quantative, biological data and so
are less open to bias as participants can not manipulate results on
, social desiriability basis. this increases internal validyt as its more lkely
the difference in brain activity was due to different types of memory.
However, a weakness is that it was carried out on only 6 partitcipants
including himself, which means it may be unlikely to be representative
of all brains-espeically different ages, this reduces ecological validity
as it can not be generalised. when thinking about a personal
experience, there is a mixture of episodic and semantic memories, this
means more parts may have been active than the researher intended,
reduces reliability as can not be certain if its purely episodic or
semantic
describe and evaluate james-lange theory of emotion (6 marks)
the theory can be summed up as event-arousal-interpretation-emotion,
and that emotions are us perceiving and interpreting physical changes
in the body. if no change is perceived by brain (increase in heart rate,
dilating pupils) no emotion is felt. ‘We do not weep because we feel
sorrow, we feel sorrow because we weep.’ there is real life exmaples
evidence such as phobias that support it, eg a person who has a public
speaking fear interprets their heart rate increasing and labels it as
fear. cannon bard theory opposes, states that emotion occurs at the
same time arousal eg embarassment and blushig. not based on
research findings from experiments but only relief on correlational
research and clinical findings- lacks validity/ schachter and singers two
factor theory of emotion views as reductionalist- cognitive element as
we use social dues to decide what the physioloigcal arousal may mean.
discuss whether hebbs theory supports having growth mindset during
learning (9 marks)
fixed minset is the belief that success is due to innate factors like
genes- someone with it is demotivated by failure. growth mindset is
belief that ability is due to effort, driven by failure. hebbs theory
suggests that when we learn engram is created, can be made
permenent if we rehearse and practise, if a neuron repeadetedly
excited another- neuronal growrth and synaptic knob. cell assemblies
fire together to create neural pathways. growth mindset means being
more willing to persist even if success doesnt immediately occur.
additionally, it means the ability to see that putting in extra time and
effort is worthwhile. according to hebb, this will make more efficient
