ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COUNSELING PURPLE
BOOK COUNSELING CERTIFICATION EXAM
FULL SOLUTION GUIDE 2026
◉ Erik Erikson. Answer: PsychoSOCIAL, only theory that encompasses
entire life span, trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt,
industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation,
generativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair, stressed ego functions as
logical
◉ Jean Piaget. Answer: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete
operational (conservation: mass and volume remains the same even
though there is a change in shape or size), formal operational, child
psychologist, studied own children
◉ Konrad Lorenz. Answer: studied animals, coined imprinting:
imprinting occurs when an animal forms an attachment to the first thing
it sees upon hatching., "innate aggression theory," claims humans are
naturally aggressive and should use catharsis to release anger
◉ Lev Vygotsky. Answer: Disagreed with Piaget and felt that
development did not take place naturally. He felt that stages unfolded
due to educational intervention. Coined "Zone of Proximal
Development": the gap between what a learner can do on their own and
what they can do with help
,◉ Lawrence Kohlberg. Answer: moral development levels:
Preconventional Stages: 1. Punishment/obience 2. Hedonism
Conventional Stages: 3. good boy/girl 4. Authority
Postconventional Stages: Law/Social Contract, Self-conscience
"Heinz Dilema" man has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication.
Should he steal it? Felt that most people never reach the
postconventional stage
◉ John Bowlby. Answer: Bonding & Attachment theory. Identified the
characteristics of a child's attachment to his/her caregiver and the phases
that a child experiences when separated from the caregiver. Felt conduct
disorders were result of inadequate bonding as child
◉ Harry Harlow. Answer: Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial
mothers, concerned with maternal deprivation
◉ Eleanor Gibson. Answer: Visual Cliff experiment in children in order
to test for innate depth perception
◉ Frank Parsons. Answer: The Father of Guidance (1908); first to focus
heavily on SOCIOCULTURAL issues; wrote "Choosing a Vocation"
which some attribute as the official beginning of the profession of
counseling
,◉ Albert Ellis. Answer: Father of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
(REBT); does not agree with Dollard/Miller theory; feels that aggression
comes from client's irrational thought process rather than automatic
response pattern
◉ Albert Bandura. Answer: Studied children - viewing live or filmed
aggression initiated aggressive behavior (Bobo Doll experiment) social
learning theorist; one's belief or expectation of being successful in
occupation causes individual to gravitate toward that particular
occupation (self-efficacy theory); felt that "chance factors" influence
career development
◉ Daniel Levinson. Answer: Midlife crisis theory by interviewing
middle-aged men; provides no statistical analysis; 3 major transitions:
1) early adult transition (17-22) "leaving the family stage"
2) age 30 transition (28-33) trying to make dreams a reality
"settling down period"
3) midlife transition (40-45 for men, 35-40 for women) stressful;
questions dreams and acknowledges goals may not be met; think about
mortality
age 50 transition
later adulthood (60-65) makes peace with world
◉ John Holland. Answer: Holland's Hexagon - the relationship between
the personality types and environments, stressed that person's
, occupational environment should be congruent with his or her
personality type RIASEC
◉ Alfred Adler. Answer: Goal of Adlerian psychotherapy is to help the
client overcome feelings of inferiority. He believed humans are
primarily motivated by social connectedness and are striving for
superiority or success. Birth order had a significant and predictable
impact on a child's personality, and their feeling of inferiority.
◉ Anne Roe. Answer: Believed jobs can compensate for unmet
childhood needs.
◉ Harry B. Gelatt. Answer: Gelatt Decision model: information can be
organized into three systems = predictive, value, and decision.
◉ Jay Haley. Answer: Strategic Family Therapy, Individuals don't
develop problems in isolation, but as a response to their social
environment.
In strategic family therapy, the therapist develops techniques for solving
problems specific to the family's interactions and structure.
◉ Salvador Minuchin. Answer: Structural Family Therapy - joins the
family in therapy as an active member. He may mimic (mimesis) some
aspect of the family's manner, style, etc., and encourages enactments of
some dysfunctional interactions. Through reframing, he labels what
BOOK COUNSELING CERTIFICATION EXAM
FULL SOLUTION GUIDE 2026
◉ Erik Erikson. Answer: PsychoSOCIAL, only theory that encompasses
entire life span, trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt,
industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation,
generativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair, stressed ego functions as
logical
◉ Jean Piaget. Answer: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete
operational (conservation: mass and volume remains the same even
though there is a change in shape or size), formal operational, child
psychologist, studied own children
◉ Konrad Lorenz. Answer: studied animals, coined imprinting:
imprinting occurs when an animal forms an attachment to the first thing
it sees upon hatching., "innate aggression theory," claims humans are
naturally aggressive and should use catharsis to release anger
◉ Lev Vygotsky. Answer: Disagreed with Piaget and felt that
development did not take place naturally. He felt that stages unfolded
due to educational intervention. Coined "Zone of Proximal
Development": the gap between what a learner can do on their own and
what they can do with help
,◉ Lawrence Kohlberg. Answer: moral development levels:
Preconventional Stages: 1. Punishment/obience 2. Hedonism
Conventional Stages: 3. good boy/girl 4. Authority
Postconventional Stages: Law/Social Contract, Self-conscience
"Heinz Dilema" man has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication.
Should he steal it? Felt that most people never reach the
postconventional stage
◉ John Bowlby. Answer: Bonding & Attachment theory. Identified the
characteristics of a child's attachment to his/her caregiver and the phases
that a child experiences when separated from the caregiver. Felt conduct
disorders were result of inadequate bonding as child
◉ Harry Harlow. Answer: Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial
mothers, concerned with maternal deprivation
◉ Eleanor Gibson. Answer: Visual Cliff experiment in children in order
to test for innate depth perception
◉ Frank Parsons. Answer: The Father of Guidance (1908); first to focus
heavily on SOCIOCULTURAL issues; wrote "Choosing a Vocation"
which some attribute as the official beginning of the profession of
counseling
,◉ Albert Ellis. Answer: Father of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
(REBT); does not agree with Dollard/Miller theory; feels that aggression
comes from client's irrational thought process rather than automatic
response pattern
◉ Albert Bandura. Answer: Studied children - viewing live or filmed
aggression initiated aggressive behavior (Bobo Doll experiment) social
learning theorist; one's belief or expectation of being successful in
occupation causes individual to gravitate toward that particular
occupation (self-efficacy theory); felt that "chance factors" influence
career development
◉ Daniel Levinson. Answer: Midlife crisis theory by interviewing
middle-aged men; provides no statistical analysis; 3 major transitions:
1) early adult transition (17-22) "leaving the family stage"
2) age 30 transition (28-33) trying to make dreams a reality
"settling down period"
3) midlife transition (40-45 for men, 35-40 for women) stressful;
questions dreams and acknowledges goals may not be met; think about
mortality
age 50 transition
later adulthood (60-65) makes peace with world
◉ John Holland. Answer: Holland's Hexagon - the relationship between
the personality types and environments, stressed that person's
, occupational environment should be congruent with his or her
personality type RIASEC
◉ Alfred Adler. Answer: Goal of Adlerian psychotherapy is to help the
client overcome feelings of inferiority. He believed humans are
primarily motivated by social connectedness and are striving for
superiority or success. Birth order had a significant and predictable
impact on a child's personality, and their feeling of inferiority.
◉ Anne Roe. Answer: Believed jobs can compensate for unmet
childhood needs.
◉ Harry B. Gelatt. Answer: Gelatt Decision model: information can be
organized into three systems = predictive, value, and decision.
◉ Jay Haley. Answer: Strategic Family Therapy, Individuals don't
develop problems in isolation, but as a response to their social
environment.
In strategic family therapy, the therapist develops techniques for solving
problems specific to the family's interactions and structure.
◉ Salvador Minuchin. Answer: Structural Family Therapy - joins the
family in therapy as an active member. He may mimic (mimesis) some
aspect of the family's manner, style, etc., and encourages enactments of
some dysfunctional interactions. Through reframing, he labels what
