Anatomy & Physiology Biochemistry Exam Questions with Verified Answers

Anatomy & Physiology Biochemistry Exam Questions with Verified Answers 1. What is anatomy? - ANSWER The study of body structure. 2. What is physiology? - ANSWER The study of body parts and how they interact with one another. 3. What is the anatomical position? - ANSWER Subject faces the observer while standing erect, arms at sides, palms facing forward, and feet flat on the floor. 4. What does the axial region of the body include? - ANSWER Core structures excluding upper and lower appendages, such as the head, neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. 5. What does the appendicular region of the body include? - ANSWER Upper and lower appendages, including arms and legs. 6. What is the meaning of 'ventral'? - ANSWER Toward the front or belly. 7. What is the meaning of 'dorsal'? - ANSWER Toward the back or spine. 8. What does 'anterior' refer to? - ANSWER Toward the ventral side. 9. What does 'posterior' refer to? - ANSWER Toward the dorsal side. 10. What does 'cephalic' mean? - ANSWER Toward the head or superior end. 11. What does 'caudal' refer to? - ANSWER Toward the tail or inferior end. 12. What is the function of body cavities? - ANSWER To protect vital internal organs and allow for changes in shape and size of organs. 13. What are the four main body cavities? - ANSWER Dorsal, thoracic, abdominopelvic, and the diaphragm separates thoracic from abdominopelvic. 14. What does the thoracic cavity contain? - ANSWER The heart and lungs, including the pericardial and pleural cavities. 15. What organs are found in the abdominal cavity? - ANSWER Stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver. 16. What organs are found in the pelvic cavity? - ANSWER Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum. 17. What are the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity? - ANSWER Two pleural cavities, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity. 18. What is the parietal layer? - ANSWER Lines the cavity. 19. What is the visceral layer? - ANSWER Covers the organ. 20. What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants? - ANSWER Right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower quadrants. 21. What are the nine abdominopelvic regions? - ANSWER Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac. 22. What are body planes? - ANSWER Invisible flat surfaces that separate organs or structures into sections. 23. What is the transverse plane? - ANSWER A plane that runs horizontally, separating the body into superior and inferior portions. 24. What is the frontal plane? - ANSWER A plane that separates the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. 25. What is the sagittal plane? - ANSWER A plane that separates the body into left and right portions. 26. What is a controlled variable? - ANSWER A non-regulated variable that the system cannot change and does not have a corresponding sensor embedded in the system. 27. What is a set point in homeostasis? - ANSWER The average acceptable value for a variable that homeostasis mechanisms work to maintain. 28. What is the role of a sensor (receptor) in feedback mechanisms? - ANSWER Monitors and detects changes in the environment and sends sensory information to the control center. 29. What does the control center do in a feedback mechanism? - ANSWER Determines the set point, processes information from sensors, and sends instructions to target cells. 30. What is the function of a target (effector) in feedback mechanisms? - ANSWER Receives instructions from the control center and carries out the response to maintain homeostasis. 31. What is negative feedback? - ANSWER A mechanism that reduces or counterbalances the original stimulus to bring the system back to homeostasis. 32. Give an example of negative feedback. - ANSWER Regulation of body temperature, blood glucose levels, or blood calcium levels. 33. What is positive feedback? - ANSWER A mechanism where the response of the effector enhances or amplifies the original stimulus. 34. Provide an example of positive feedback. - ANSWER The process of giving birth or blood clotting. 35. What is an element in chemistry? - ANSWER A form of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical reactions. 36. Define an atom. - ANSWER The smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element.