NURS 326
NURS 326 Exam 4 Questions and
Answers 2026
what is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
How does the nephron work?
1. Blood is filtered by the glomerulus as it enters at the Bowman's capsule
2. The filtrate passes through the proximal convoluted tube
3. It passes through the loop of Henle
4. It passes through the distal convoluted tubule
5. It passes through the collecting duct
6. The filtrate is modified to form urine
7. The urine exits the duct and enters the ureters
8. It enters the bladder
9. It exits through the urethra
functions of the urinary system
blood pressure regulation
acid base balance
elimination
what is GFR?
glomerular filtration rate; how much of your blood can you filter in a period of time
how does GFR correlate to bp?
low bp = low GFR
normal bp = normal GFR
anuria
no urine escaping bladder
oliguria
too little urine
polyuria
NURS 326
,NURS 326
too much urine
dysuria
abnormal urination
what are the 4 tests to test kidney function?
creatinine
BUN
urinalysis
specific gravity
urinalysis
macroscopic or gross physical examination
dipstick chemical analysis
- color
- specific gravity
- pH
- protein
- glucose
- ketones
- hemoglobin
- nitrites
- leukocyte esterase
specific gravity
comparison of its density to that of water
measure renal ability to concentrate urine
assess hydration
urinary tract obstruction
blockage of urine flow from within the urinary tract
upper urinary tract obstruction patho
obstruction will cause dilation of ureter, renal, pelvis, calyces, etc proximal to block
urine backs up - hydronephrosis
filtration rate decreases
if not relieved leads to fibrosis, failure
NURS 326
, NURS 326
causes of upper urinary tract obstruction
congenital
inflammatory
malignant
calculi (stones) - most common
calculi
masses of crystals, protein, other substances
3 types of stones
calcium
1. hypercalciuria
2. bone demineralization
3. prolonged immobility
struvite
1. UTI's
uric acid
1. genetic disorder
upper urinary tract obstruction patho
3 factors
1. super-saturation of one or more salts
2. precipitation of salt from liquid -> solid
3. growth into stone
upper urinary tract obstruction clinical manifestations
renal colic
pain
UTI symptoms
3 types of lower urinary tract obstruction
1. neurogenic bladder dysfunction
2. overactive bladder syndrome
3. anatomic obstructions to flow
neurogenic bladder dysfunction
NURS 326
NURS 326 Exam 4 Questions and
Answers 2026
what is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
How does the nephron work?
1. Blood is filtered by the glomerulus as it enters at the Bowman's capsule
2. The filtrate passes through the proximal convoluted tube
3. It passes through the loop of Henle
4. It passes through the distal convoluted tubule
5. It passes through the collecting duct
6. The filtrate is modified to form urine
7. The urine exits the duct and enters the ureters
8. It enters the bladder
9. It exits through the urethra
functions of the urinary system
blood pressure regulation
acid base balance
elimination
what is GFR?
glomerular filtration rate; how much of your blood can you filter in a period of time
how does GFR correlate to bp?
low bp = low GFR
normal bp = normal GFR
anuria
no urine escaping bladder
oliguria
too little urine
polyuria
NURS 326
,NURS 326
too much urine
dysuria
abnormal urination
what are the 4 tests to test kidney function?
creatinine
BUN
urinalysis
specific gravity
urinalysis
macroscopic or gross physical examination
dipstick chemical analysis
- color
- specific gravity
- pH
- protein
- glucose
- ketones
- hemoglobin
- nitrites
- leukocyte esterase
specific gravity
comparison of its density to that of water
measure renal ability to concentrate urine
assess hydration
urinary tract obstruction
blockage of urine flow from within the urinary tract
upper urinary tract obstruction patho
obstruction will cause dilation of ureter, renal, pelvis, calyces, etc proximal to block
urine backs up - hydronephrosis
filtration rate decreases
if not relieved leads to fibrosis, failure
NURS 326
, NURS 326
causes of upper urinary tract obstruction
congenital
inflammatory
malignant
calculi (stones) - most common
calculi
masses of crystals, protein, other substances
3 types of stones
calcium
1. hypercalciuria
2. bone demineralization
3. prolonged immobility
struvite
1. UTI's
uric acid
1. genetic disorder
upper urinary tract obstruction patho
3 factors
1. super-saturation of one or more salts
2. precipitation of salt from liquid -> solid
3. growth into stone
upper urinary tract obstruction clinical manifestations
renal colic
pain
UTI symptoms
3 types of lower urinary tract obstruction
1. neurogenic bladder dysfunction
2. overactive bladder syndrome
3. anatomic obstructions to flow
neurogenic bladder dysfunction
NURS 326
