NURS 326
NURS 326 final exam 4 material
questions and answers
1
Urinary tract obstruction
- a blockage of urine flow from within the urinary tract
the Severity of it depends on the location, completeness, one or both tracts, duration, and
cause
2
Upper urinary tract obstruction
- obstruction that has to do with the kidney and causes dilation of the ureter, renal pelvis,
calyces proximal to the blockage
it causes the Urine to back up like heart congestion (hydronephrosis), GFR decreases,
fibrosis can occur
3
Calculi (stones)
- masses of proteins, calcium, etc. that crystalize in raw urine and tubules
-there must be super saturation of salt, precipitation of salt and stone formation
-More common in male and high recurrence rate
-CM: renal colic (increase ureteral peristalsis), pain (flank pain, referred stomach, pain
with N/V), and UTI sx
4
lithotripsy
hitting stones with ultrasound waves (no incision; no pain) to break up the stone (follow
up with lots of water to flush out pieces
5
- lower tract obstruction:
issues with bladder outlet caused by neurogenic bladder dysfunction, overactive bladder
syndrome, or an anatomic obstructions to flow
6
acute cystitis (lower UTI)
Inflammation of bladder due to e. coli or staph
-CM: frequency, dysuria, urgency, pain in lower pelvis and abdomen
Elderly CM: confusion, poorly localized abdominal discomfort
Non vocal children: failure to thrive
NURS 326
, NURS 326
7
pyelonephritis (upper UTI)
-Infection of one or both upper urinary tracts with severe inflammation and pus- common
in women
8
Acute pyelonephritis
caused by ascending microorganisms along ureters and Results in renal inflammation,
renal edema, purulent urine, abscess and scar formation but RARELY CAUSES RENAL
FAILURE
-CM: fever, chills, flank and groin pain, UTI sx (frequency, dysuria, CVA tenderness)
- see WBC in urine - pyuria
9
Chronic pyleonephritis CM
asymptomatic, hypertension b/c kidneys can overproduce renin, frequency, dysuria, flank
pain, kidney failure with progression
10
glomerulonephritis
- Inflammation of glomerulus and nephrons caused by AB-antigen complex that results in
dec in GFR and basement membrane damage
-causes include infection, immune disease (lupus), conditions that cause scarring
(diabetic nephropathy)
11
Acute glomerulonephritis
-Associated 7-10 days after strep infection
-Strep antigen deposits into glomerular BM > inflammation that Gets bad and resolves
-CM: hematuria, proteinuria, dec GFR, oliguria, HTN, edema
12
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
- Develops rapidly and is not self limiting; usually idiopathic
- CM: hematuria, proteinuria, edema, HTN
- Goodpastures syndrome
-Rare autoimmune type 2 HS where AB form against pulmonary capillaries and
glomerular BM
13
NURS 326
NURS 326 final exam 4 material
questions and answers
1
Urinary tract obstruction
- a blockage of urine flow from within the urinary tract
the Severity of it depends on the location, completeness, one or both tracts, duration, and
cause
2
Upper urinary tract obstruction
- obstruction that has to do with the kidney and causes dilation of the ureter, renal pelvis,
calyces proximal to the blockage
it causes the Urine to back up like heart congestion (hydronephrosis), GFR decreases,
fibrosis can occur
3
Calculi (stones)
- masses of proteins, calcium, etc. that crystalize in raw urine and tubules
-there must be super saturation of salt, precipitation of salt and stone formation
-More common in male and high recurrence rate
-CM: renal colic (increase ureteral peristalsis), pain (flank pain, referred stomach, pain
with N/V), and UTI sx
4
lithotripsy
hitting stones with ultrasound waves (no incision; no pain) to break up the stone (follow
up with lots of water to flush out pieces
5
- lower tract obstruction:
issues with bladder outlet caused by neurogenic bladder dysfunction, overactive bladder
syndrome, or an anatomic obstructions to flow
6
acute cystitis (lower UTI)
Inflammation of bladder due to e. coli or staph
-CM: frequency, dysuria, urgency, pain in lower pelvis and abdomen
Elderly CM: confusion, poorly localized abdominal discomfort
Non vocal children: failure to thrive
NURS 326
, NURS 326
7
pyelonephritis (upper UTI)
-Infection of one or both upper urinary tracts with severe inflammation and pus- common
in women
8
Acute pyelonephritis
caused by ascending microorganisms along ureters and Results in renal inflammation,
renal edema, purulent urine, abscess and scar formation but RARELY CAUSES RENAL
FAILURE
-CM: fever, chills, flank and groin pain, UTI sx (frequency, dysuria, CVA tenderness)
- see WBC in urine - pyuria
9
Chronic pyleonephritis CM
asymptomatic, hypertension b/c kidneys can overproduce renin, frequency, dysuria, flank
pain, kidney failure with progression
10
glomerulonephritis
- Inflammation of glomerulus and nephrons caused by AB-antigen complex that results in
dec in GFR and basement membrane damage
-causes include infection, immune disease (lupus), conditions that cause scarring
(diabetic nephropathy)
11
Acute glomerulonephritis
-Associated 7-10 days after strep infection
-Strep antigen deposits into glomerular BM > inflammation that Gets bad and resolves
-CM: hematuria, proteinuria, dec GFR, oliguria, HTN, edema
12
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
- Develops rapidly and is not self limiting; usually idiopathic
- CM: hematuria, proteinuria, edema, HTN
- Goodpastures syndrome
-Rare autoimmune type 2 HS where AB form against pulmonary capillaries and
glomerular BM
13
NURS 326
