PN1004 Final Review UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Cultural Sensitivity Being aware that cultural differences and similarities between people exist without
assigning them a value (positive or negative, better or worse, right or wrong)
Cultural Competency A broad concept used to describe a compilation of knowledge, attitudes, and
skills necessary to interact effectively with individuals and groups of the same or
different cultures
Cultural Values Unique, individual expressions of a particular culture that have been accepted as
appropriate over time. They guide actions and decision making that facilitate self-
worth and self-esteem
Marginalization A social process in which groups and individuals are pushed to the edges of
society where they are excluded from the mainstreamed political, social and
economic life
Ethnicity A dynamic set of historically derived and institutionalized ideas and practices that
allows people to identify or be identified with grouping of people on the basis of
presumed commonalities including language, history, nation or region of origin,
customs, ways of being, religion, names, and physical appearance.
Cultural Pluralism Refers to diverse groups within a larger society maintaining their unique cultural
identities while living together harmoniously with their values and practices
accepted, provided that they are consistent with human rights and freedoms
guaranteed by the laws of the wider society
Health Inequalities Differences in health status among different groups in society which can be due
to biological factors, individual choices or chance
Health Promotion with the Family - Be aware of family attitudes and behaviors
- Collaborate with family to assess, improve, enhance/evaluate health practices
-Assist with growth and development behaviors
-Assist in decisions on life choices
-Provide health info
-Identify risk taking behaviors
Learning The process of gaining specific knowledge or skills that result from exposure,
experience, education and evaluation. It cannot occur unless individual is mature
enough to understand and control behavior
Gilligan's Stages (Preconventional) What is practical to other and best for self, realizing connection to others.
(Individual Survival)
Gilligan Stage 2 (Conventional) Sacrifices wants and needs to fulfil others wants and needs (Self sacrifice is
goodness)
Gilligan Stage 3 (Post Conventional) Moral equal of self and others (Principle of nonviolence: do not hurt self or
others)
, Kohlberg stages of moral development Preconventional: Avoiding Punishment, Gaining reward
Conventional: Gaining approval, Avoiding disapproval
Postconventional: Agreeing upon rights, establishing personal moral standards,
achieving justice.
Cognitive Development: Piaget Theory Concerned with structure rather than content, with how the individual mind works
rather than with what it does.
- Uses word scheme to describe a pattern of action or thought.
-Each person is striving to maintain a balance or equilibrium between assimilation
and accommodation
Piaget Stages: Sensorimotor (Birth-2yrs) -Begins with a predominance and reliance on reflexes that permit the body to
learn.
-Reflexes decrease ad voluntary acts develop
-Imitation predominates
-Thought is dominated by physical manipulation of objects and events
Piaget Stages: Preoperational (2-7yrs) -Advancing use of language and movement
-Development of egocentric, animistic, and magical thinking
-Uses representational thought to interpret and learn, not in terms of general
properties but in terms of the relationship or use to themselves
-No cause and effect reasoning
-Thought is dominated by senses
Piaget Stages: Concrete Operational (7-11yrs) -Mental reasoning processes assume logical approaches to solving concrete
problems, including cause and effect
-Collecting, mastering facts
-Can consider other points of view
-Thought influenced by social contacts
-Language is perfected
Piaget Stages: Formal Operations (11-15yrs) -True logical thought and manipulation of abstract concepts emerge
-Morality established
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 1. Physiological Needs (Breathing, food, H20, shelter)
2. Safety/Security (Health, employment, property)
3. Love/Belonging (Friendship, family, intimacy, connection)
4. Self-esteem (Confidence, achievement, respect)
5. Self-actualization (Morality, creativity, acceptance, purpose, experience,
meaning)
Psychosocial Development: Erikson's Theory -Based on the need of each person to develop a sense of trust in self and others
and a sense of personal worth
-Describes a healthy personality in positive terms, not merely through the
absence of disease
-Each stage depends on the preceding stage, which must be accomplished
successfully for person to proceed.
Cultural Sensitivity Being aware that cultural differences and similarities between people exist without
assigning them a value (positive or negative, better or worse, right or wrong)
Cultural Competency A broad concept used to describe a compilation of knowledge, attitudes, and
skills necessary to interact effectively with individuals and groups of the same or
different cultures
Cultural Values Unique, individual expressions of a particular culture that have been accepted as
appropriate over time. They guide actions and decision making that facilitate self-
worth and self-esteem
Marginalization A social process in which groups and individuals are pushed to the edges of
society where they are excluded from the mainstreamed political, social and
economic life
Ethnicity A dynamic set of historically derived and institutionalized ideas and practices that
allows people to identify or be identified with grouping of people on the basis of
presumed commonalities including language, history, nation or region of origin,
customs, ways of being, religion, names, and physical appearance.
Cultural Pluralism Refers to diverse groups within a larger society maintaining their unique cultural
identities while living together harmoniously with their values and practices
accepted, provided that they are consistent with human rights and freedoms
guaranteed by the laws of the wider society
Health Inequalities Differences in health status among different groups in society which can be due
to biological factors, individual choices or chance
Health Promotion with the Family - Be aware of family attitudes and behaviors
- Collaborate with family to assess, improve, enhance/evaluate health practices
-Assist with growth and development behaviors
-Assist in decisions on life choices
-Provide health info
-Identify risk taking behaviors
Learning The process of gaining specific knowledge or skills that result from exposure,
experience, education and evaluation. It cannot occur unless individual is mature
enough to understand and control behavior
Gilligan's Stages (Preconventional) What is practical to other and best for self, realizing connection to others.
(Individual Survival)
Gilligan Stage 2 (Conventional) Sacrifices wants and needs to fulfil others wants and needs (Self sacrifice is
goodness)
Gilligan Stage 3 (Post Conventional) Moral equal of self and others (Principle of nonviolence: do not hurt self or
others)
, Kohlberg stages of moral development Preconventional: Avoiding Punishment, Gaining reward
Conventional: Gaining approval, Avoiding disapproval
Postconventional: Agreeing upon rights, establishing personal moral standards,
achieving justice.
Cognitive Development: Piaget Theory Concerned with structure rather than content, with how the individual mind works
rather than with what it does.
- Uses word scheme to describe a pattern of action or thought.
-Each person is striving to maintain a balance or equilibrium between assimilation
and accommodation
Piaget Stages: Sensorimotor (Birth-2yrs) -Begins with a predominance and reliance on reflexes that permit the body to
learn.
-Reflexes decrease ad voluntary acts develop
-Imitation predominates
-Thought is dominated by physical manipulation of objects and events
Piaget Stages: Preoperational (2-7yrs) -Advancing use of language and movement
-Development of egocentric, animistic, and magical thinking
-Uses representational thought to interpret and learn, not in terms of general
properties but in terms of the relationship or use to themselves
-No cause and effect reasoning
-Thought is dominated by senses
Piaget Stages: Concrete Operational (7-11yrs) -Mental reasoning processes assume logical approaches to solving concrete
problems, including cause and effect
-Collecting, mastering facts
-Can consider other points of view
-Thought influenced by social contacts
-Language is perfected
Piaget Stages: Formal Operations (11-15yrs) -True logical thought and manipulation of abstract concepts emerge
-Morality established
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 1. Physiological Needs (Breathing, food, H20, shelter)
2. Safety/Security (Health, employment, property)
3. Love/Belonging (Friendship, family, intimacy, connection)
4. Self-esteem (Confidence, achievement, respect)
5. Self-actualization (Morality, creativity, acceptance, purpose, experience,
meaning)
Psychosocial Development: Erikson's Theory -Based on the need of each person to develop a sense of trust in self and others
and a sense of personal worth
-Describes a healthy personality in positive terms, not merely through the
absence of disease
-Each stage depends on the preceding stage, which must be accomplished
successfully for person to proceed.
