Chapter 1: Standard precautions: represent the minimum infection prevention measures that apply to all patient care, regardless of
infection status. Prevent the spread of infections among patients.
PPE- personal protective equipment (protects you and the pt), acts as a barrier between you and the pt. gloves, gowns, masks, eyewear.
Gloves only PPE required for phlebotomy. Dispose gloves in the same room they are used.
Isolation protocol: PPE should be put on before entering patient’s room. hand washing is priority
Strict/ Why: patient has contagious disease that can spread via air/ contact. Examples: measles, staph Requirements: private room
complete and bathroom, must wear gloves, mask, gown. Equipment left in room or cleaned good hand hygiene
Droplet Why: pt has contagious disease spread by droplets, wear mask. Examples: meningitis pertussis.
Blood/ Why: patient has disease that can be spread through blood/ bodily fluids. Examples: dysentery, HIV. Requirements: always
bodily wear gloves, eye and face protection should be worn if splattering risk .
fluids
Respiratory Why: infection can be transmitted through exhaled particles. Ex. TB, whooping Wear: Mask/n95 respirator
Contact Why: infection spread through direct contact. Ex. skin and wound infections. Wear: gloves, sometimes gown, equipment
used on this pt should be thrown out.
Reverse Why: patient susceptible to infection. Ex. transplant pt, immune compromised, burn victims. Remember: following signage.
Hand hygiene: most effective way to prevent disease spreading. Wash hands: if you see they are contaminated, before going on break,
before entering pt room, before gloving, after procedure. 20 seconds and remove jewelry
Hand sanitizer: alcohol based sanitizer is a preventative measure b/w hand washing, isn’t as effective. 60-90% alcohol)
When contaminated with blood: use anti-microbial soap, after washing coat hands in 50% isopropyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol, air
dry for 60 seconds. Wash hands again.
Infectious waste: any piece of equipment directly in contact with pt blood and could risk infection. Needles, syringes, evacuated tubes
put in red biohazard bin.
Fomite: infections can be spread indirectly through fomites, non-living surface that’s contaminated
Virulence: potency of infection, how easily it can spread.
FDA: oversees regulation of drugs and claims made by pharmaceutical companies
CDC: center for disease control, provides data on public health and disease control. And standards/education for public health
OSHA: occupational safety and health administration. Protects workers. Must provide MSDS: material safety data sheet with info about
chemicals used in facilities.
Equipment (evacuated blood collection system): double ended needle, needle holder (hub), evacuated tube. Syringe used in non-evacuated
blood collection system. Lancet is used for finger pricks and babies 2.4mm long.
Needle gauges: most common length= 1-1.5”, gauge= 21, then 22. 16-18” gauges used for blood donations
Tourniquet: max 2 minutes, placed 3-4 inches above draw site. Engorges the vein and prevents backflow. Cant leave on that long because
hemolyzed/ Hemoconcentration (increased # cells and solutes in blood due to loss of fluid in tissures bad sample).
Anticubital fossa: most common venipuncture site, anticubital veins, median cutaneous nerve and brachial artery run through here.
Median cubital: 1st choice. In middle, great supportive tissues, least likely to develop hematoma
Cephalic: 2nd choice, most lateral vein, good choice for obese patients, difficult to position needle
Basilic: 3rd choice, most medial, large and easy to palpate, close to many structures (brachial A., median cubital N.)
Vein selection criteria: (1)Location: central (2) size: larger = better, gauge size depends on size. (3) depth: deeper= better bc more stable.
(4) direction: straighter = better, avoid confluence, diagonal veins increase risk of hitting other structures. (5) condition: avoid, bumpy,
rash, scar tissue, confluence, veracose, pick stable. (6) Turgor: bounce/ resilience of vein is very important, spongy. (Muscular veins on top
of muscle, lack good support.
Requirements for hand draws: veins are smaller and more superficial, must use butterfly, anchor better, avoid valves (occur at
confluence) adjust angle for depth of entry. Start Ch3.
Evacuated tubes: are able to draw blood bc of vacuum inside. Color-coded based on additive
Order of draw: reason is to prevent contaminating later tubes with additives from previous tubes.
Order of draw: 1. Blood cultures 2. Sodium citrate 3. No additive or clot activator (gold, red tiger, red, orange) 4. Sodium heparin or lithium
heparin 5. K2EDTA (lav), K3EDTA (glass) K2EDTA 6. K2EDTA (white) 7. Sodium fluoride or Potassium oxalate 8. All others
Common tests: CBC (most common), series of multiple tests run on same tube (include WBC and RBC counts, Hematocrit (Hct),
Hemoglobin (Hbg), platelet count, RDW, MCV, MCHC. (CBCc include differential, CBCs don’t)
PTT (partical thromboplastin time): assits in monitoring heparin dosages & pt ability to clot. Drawn daily. Plain red tube should be used
before PT/PTT/FDP/APT. (PT = prothrombin timed test, aid in diagnosing liver disease, monitor drug therapies.) HgBA1c: (glycated
hemoglobin): test average blood sugar over 6-12 week period(120 days), tests how much O2 can be carried in RBC, glycated state
indicated excessive glucose .
Serum chemistries: (or red, red tiger, orange, gold), chem 7, basic metabolic panel, BMP. To check levels of 7 substances in blood. BUN
(blood urea nitrogen, kidney function), CO2 (kidney and lung function), Creatinine(protein in blood from muscle breakdown, indicates
kidney or muscle problems), Glucose (indicates diabetes if too high), Cl( hydration level, kidney, blood pH), K (cardiac and muscle
function), Na (kidney function, diet, hydration, endocrine, trauma, bleeding, water retention)
Ch4. Blood: pH=7.4 more basic, universal donor= O-, universal acceptor = AB+, mixture of H20, solutes & formed elements (immune
system). 3x thicker than H2O, allow transport of gases and nutrients, play key role in immunity.
Plasma: 90% H20, 10% solutes, Separator tube is green/blue must have anticoagulent, 40% of lab tests on, “whole blood”, internal temp
regulator. Contains fibrin, yellow layer on top, tests for STAT.
Serum: plasma with fibrin removed. 60% testing, tube must have coagulant (red), 30 minutes so fibrin clot forms.
Hemopoeisis/ hematopoiesis: creation of RBC, in the marrow of long bones. Stored in spleen.
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infection status. Prevent the spread of infections among patients.
PPE- personal protective equipment (protects you and the pt), acts as a barrier between you and the pt. gloves, gowns, masks, eyewear.
Gloves only PPE required for phlebotomy. Dispose gloves in the same room they are used.
Isolation protocol: PPE should be put on before entering patient’s room. hand washing is priority
Strict/ Why: patient has contagious disease that can spread via air/ contact. Examples: measles, staph Requirements: private room
complete and bathroom, must wear gloves, mask, gown. Equipment left in room or cleaned good hand hygiene
Droplet Why: pt has contagious disease spread by droplets, wear mask. Examples: meningitis pertussis.
Blood/ Why: patient has disease that can be spread through blood/ bodily fluids. Examples: dysentery, HIV. Requirements: always
bodily wear gloves, eye and face protection should be worn if splattering risk .
fluids
Respiratory Why: infection can be transmitted through exhaled particles. Ex. TB, whooping Wear: Mask/n95 respirator
Contact Why: infection spread through direct contact. Ex. skin and wound infections. Wear: gloves, sometimes gown, equipment
used on this pt should be thrown out.
Reverse Why: patient susceptible to infection. Ex. transplant pt, immune compromised, burn victims. Remember: following signage.
Hand hygiene: most effective way to prevent disease spreading. Wash hands: if you see they are contaminated, before going on break,
before entering pt room, before gloving, after procedure. 20 seconds and remove jewelry
Hand sanitizer: alcohol based sanitizer is a preventative measure b/w hand washing, isn’t as effective. 60-90% alcohol)
When contaminated with blood: use anti-microbial soap, after washing coat hands in 50% isopropyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol, air
dry for 60 seconds. Wash hands again.
Infectious waste: any piece of equipment directly in contact with pt blood and could risk infection. Needles, syringes, evacuated tubes
put in red biohazard bin.
Fomite: infections can be spread indirectly through fomites, non-living surface that’s contaminated
Virulence: potency of infection, how easily it can spread.
FDA: oversees regulation of drugs and claims made by pharmaceutical companies
CDC: center for disease control, provides data on public health and disease control. And standards/education for public health
OSHA: occupational safety and health administration. Protects workers. Must provide MSDS: material safety data sheet with info about
chemicals used in facilities.
Equipment (evacuated blood collection system): double ended needle, needle holder (hub), evacuated tube. Syringe used in non-evacuated
blood collection system. Lancet is used for finger pricks and babies 2.4mm long.
Needle gauges: most common length= 1-1.5”, gauge= 21, then 22. 16-18” gauges used for blood donations
Tourniquet: max 2 minutes, placed 3-4 inches above draw site. Engorges the vein and prevents backflow. Cant leave on that long because
hemolyzed/ Hemoconcentration (increased # cells and solutes in blood due to loss of fluid in tissures bad sample).
Anticubital fossa: most common venipuncture site, anticubital veins, median cutaneous nerve and brachial artery run through here.
Median cubital: 1st choice. In middle, great supportive tissues, least likely to develop hematoma
Cephalic: 2nd choice, most lateral vein, good choice for obese patients, difficult to position needle
Basilic: 3rd choice, most medial, large and easy to palpate, close to many structures (brachial A., median cubital N.)
Vein selection criteria: (1)Location: central (2) size: larger = better, gauge size depends on size. (3) depth: deeper= better bc more stable.
(4) direction: straighter = better, avoid confluence, diagonal veins increase risk of hitting other structures. (5) condition: avoid, bumpy,
rash, scar tissue, confluence, veracose, pick stable. (6) Turgor: bounce/ resilience of vein is very important, spongy. (Muscular veins on top
of muscle, lack good support.
Requirements for hand draws: veins are smaller and more superficial, must use butterfly, anchor better, avoid valves (occur at
confluence) adjust angle for depth of entry. Start Ch3.
Evacuated tubes: are able to draw blood bc of vacuum inside. Color-coded based on additive
Order of draw: reason is to prevent contaminating later tubes with additives from previous tubes.
Order of draw: 1. Blood cultures 2. Sodium citrate 3. No additive or clot activator (gold, red tiger, red, orange) 4. Sodium heparin or lithium
heparin 5. K2EDTA (lav), K3EDTA (glass) K2EDTA 6. K2EDTA (white) 7. Sodium fluoride or Potassium oxalate 8. All others
Common tests: CBC (most common), series of multiple tests run on same tube (include WBC and RBC counts, Hematocrit (Hct),
Hemoglobin (Hbg), platelet count, RDW, MCV, MCHC. (CBCc include differential, CBCs don’t)
PTT (partical thromboplastin time): assits in monitoring heparin dosages & pt ability to clot. Drawn daily. Plain red tube should be used
before PT/PTT/FDP/APT. (PT = prothrombin timed test, aid in diagnosing liver disease, monitor drug therapies.) HgBA1c: (glycated
hemoglobin): test average blood sugar over 6-12 week period(120 days), tests how much O2 can be carried in RBC, glycated state
indicated excessive glucose .
Serum chemistries: (or red, red tiger, orange, gold), chem 7, basic metabolic panel, BMP. To check levels of 7 substances in blood. BUN
(blood urea nitrogen, kidney function), CO2 (kidney and lung function), Creatinine(protein in blood from muscle breakdown, indicates
kidney or muscle problems), Glucose (indicates diabetes if too high), Cl( hydration level, kidney, blood pH), K (cardiac and muscle
function), Na (kidney function, diet, hydration, endocrine, trauma, bleeding, water retention)
Ch4. Blood: pH=7.4 more basic, universal donor= O-, universal acceptor = AB+, mixture of H20, solutes & formed elements (immune
system). 3x thicker than H2O, allow transport of gases and nutrients, play key role in immunity.
Plasma: 90% H20, 10% solutes, Separator tube is green/blue must have anticoagulent, 40% of lab tests on, “whole blood”, internal temp
regulator. Contains fibrin, yellow layer on top, tests for STAT.
Serum: plasma with fibrin removed. 60% testing, tube must have coagulant (red), 30 minutes so fibrin clot forms.
Hemopoeisis/ hematopoiesis: creation of RBC, in the marrow of long bones. Stored in spleen.
This study source was downloaded by 100000897367967 from CourseHero.com on 02-02-2026 05:53:35 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/45572535/phlebotomy-cheat-sheet-finaldocx/
