1. What is the primary function of a hemodialysis machine?
A. To oxygenate blood
B. To remove metabolic waste and excess fluid from blood
C. To regulate blood pressure
D. To administer medications
ANSWER : B
Explanation: Hemodialysis machines remove waste products (like urea and
creatinine) and excess fluids when kidneys fail.
2. Which component controls blood flow rate in a dialysis machine?
A. Dialyzer
B. Blood pump
C. Transducer protector
D. Ultrafiltration pump
ANSWER : B
Explanation: The blood pump regulates the speed and volume of blood moving
through the extracorporeal circuit.
3. What is the typical blood flow rate range during adult hemodialysis?
A. 50–100 mL/min
B. 100–200 mL/min
C. 300–500 mL/min
D. 700–900 mL/min
ANSWER : C
Explanation: Most adult treatments operate between 300–500 mL/min
depending on patient condition.
,4. The dialyzer is best described as:
A. A blood pressure regulator
B. An artificial kidney
C. A saline delivery device
D. A blood heater
ANSWER : B
Explanation: The dialyzer acts as an artificial kidney, allowing diffusion and
ultrafiltration through a semipermeable membrane.
5. What type of membrane is used in a dialyzer?
A. Impermeable
B. Semi-permeable
C. Rigid polymer
D. Metallic mesh
ANSWER : B
Explanation: Semi-permeable membranes allow selective diffusion of solutes
and water.
6. Which principle drives solute movement across the dialyzer membrane?
A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Diffusion
D. Radiation
ANSWER : C
Explanation: Diffusion moves solutes from high to low concentration across
the membrane.
7. Ultrafiltration primarily removes:
A. Glucose
B. Proteins
C. Excess fluid
D. Oxygen
, ANSWER : C
Explanation: Ultrafiltration uses pressure gradients to remove excess fluid
from the blood.
8. What parameter controls the amount of fluid removed during dialysis?
A. Blood flow rate
B. Dialysate temperature
C. Ultrafiltration rate
D. Conductivity
ANSWER : C
Explanation: Ultrafiltration rate determines how much fluid is removed per
hour.
9. What is the purpose of dialysate?
A. To sterilize blood
B. To provide nutrients
C. To remove waste via diffusion
D. To increase blood volume
ANSWER : C
Explanation: Dialysate creates concentration gradients that allow waste
removal.
10. Which substance is normally higher in dialysate than blood?
A. Urea
B. Creatinine
C. Bicarbonate
D. Potassium
ANSWER : C
Explanation: Dialysate contains bicarbonate to correct metabolic acidosis.
11. Conductivity monitoring ensures proper:
, A. Blood pressure
B. Electrolyte concentration
C. Dialysate temperature
D. Heparin delivery
ANSWER : B
Explanation: Conductivity reflects dialysate electrolyte concentration.
12. Low dialysate conductivity alarm indicates:
A. High sodium
B. Low sodium
C. High temperature
D. Blood leak
ANSWER : B
Explanation: Low conductivity usually means insufficient electrolyte
concentration.
13. What is the main purpose of a blood leak detector?
A. Detect air bubbles
B. Detect hemolysis
C. Detect blood in dialysate
D. Measure pressure
ANSWER : C
Explanation: Blood leak detectors identify membrane rupture allowing blood
into dialysate.
14. A sudden blood leak alarm requires the technician to:
A. Increase blood flow
B. Ignore if transient
C. Stop treatment immediately
D. Flush with saline
A. To oxygenate blood
B. To remove metabolic waste and excess fluid from blood
C. To regulate blood pressure
D. To administer medications
ANSWER : B
Explanation: Hemodialysis machines remove waste products (like urea and
creatinine) and excess fluids when kidneys fail.
2. Which component controls blood flow rate in a dialysis machine?
A. Dialyzer
B. Blood pump
C. Transducer protector
D. Ultrafiltration pump
ANSWER : B
Explanation: The blood pump regulates the speed and volume of blood moving
through the extracorporeal circuit.
3. What is the typical blood flow rate range during adult hemodialysis?
A. 50–100 mL/min
B. 100–200 mL/min
C. 300–500 mL/min
D. 700–900 mL/min
ANSWER : C
Explanation: Most adult treatments operate between 300–500 mL/min
depending on patient condition.
,4. The dialyzer is best described as:
A. A blood pressure regulator
B. An artificial kidney
C. A saline delivery device
D. A blood heater
ANSWER : B
Explanation: The dialyzer acts as an artificial kidney, allowing diffusion and
ultrafiltration through a semipermeable membrane.
5. What type of membrane is used in a dialyzer?
A. Impermeable
B. Semi-permeable
C. Rigid polymer
D. Metallic mesh
ANSWER : B
Explanation: Semi-permeable membranes allow selective diffusion of solutes
and water.
6. Which principle drives solute movement across the dialyzer membrane?
A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Diffusion
D. Radiation
ANSWER : C
Explanation: Diffusion moves solutes from high to low concentration across
the membrane.
7. Ultrafiltration primarily removes:
A. Glucose
B. Proteins
C. Excess fluid
D. Oxygen
, ANSWER : C
Explanation: Ultrafiltration uses pressure gradients to remove excess fluid
from the blood.
8. What parameter controls the amount of fluid removed during dialysis?
A. Blood flow rate
B. Dialysate temperature
C. Ultrafiltration rate
D. Conductivity
ANSWER : C
Explanation: Ultrafiltration rate determines how much fluid is removed per
hour.
9. What is the purpose of dialysate?
A. To sterilize blood
B. To provide nutrients
C. To remove waste via diffusion
D. To increase blood volume
ANSWER : C
Explanation: Dialysate creates concentration gradients that allow waste
removal.
10. Which substance is normally higher in dialysate than blood?
A. Urea
B. Creatinine
C. Bicarbonate
D. Potassium
ANSWER : C
Explanation: Dialysate contains bicarbonate to correct metabolic acidosis.
11. Conductivity monitoring ensures proper:
, A. Blood pressure
B. Electrolyte concentration
C. Dialysate temperature
D. Heparin delivery
ANSWER : B
Explanation: Conductivity reflects dialysate electrolyte concentration.
12. Low dialysate conductivity alarm indicates:
A. High sodium
B. Low sodium
C. High temperature
D. Blood leak
ANSWER : B
Explanation: Low conductivity usually means insufficient electrolyte
concentration.
13. What is the main purpose of a blood leak detector?
A. Detect air bubbles
B. Detect hemolysis
C. Detect blood in dialysate
D. Measure pressure
ANSWER : C
Explanation: Blood leak detectors identify membrane rupture allowing blood
into dialysate.
14. A sudden blood leak alarm requires the technician to:
A. Increase blood flow
B. Ignore if transient
C. Stop treatment immediately
D. Flush with saline
