VNSG 1500 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2026.
Negative effects of not resolving an Eriksonian crisis - ANS Short-term: anxiety, poor self-
esteem, maladaptive coping (avoidance, withdrawal), relationship difficulties.
Long-term effects of unresolved Eriksonian crisis - ANS Persistent identity diffusion, impaired
relationships, dysfunctional work or family roles, increased risk for mental health disorders
(depression, anxiety), and potentially repeating maladaptive patterns in later stages.
Nursing focus for Eriksonian crisis - ANS Identify unresolved issues, encourage reflection and
healthy coping, refer to counseling, support gradual mastery of age-appropriate tasks.
Testable point on unresolved crises - ANS Unresolved crises reduce a person's ability to
successfully manage later-stage developmental tasks.
Physiological changes in Infancy (0-1 yr) - ANS Rapid growth, fontanel closure, increased head
circumference, primitive reflexes fade, developing thermoregulation. Nutrition:
breastmilk/formula. Immunizations begin.
Physiological changes in Toddler (1-3 yr) - ANS Slower growth rate than infancy, improved
gross/fine motor, language explosion. Potty training begins.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Physiological changes in Preschool (3-6 yr) - ANS Improved coordination, imaginative play,
loss of baby fat, dentition pattern changes.
Physiological changes in School-age (6-12 yr) - ANS Steady growth, refinement of motor skills,
permanent teeth eruption, increasing independence.
Physiological changes in Adolescence (12-20 yr) - ANS Puberty (secondary sex
characteristics), growth spurt, reproductive maturity, cognitive shifts (abstract thinking).
Physiological changes in Young adult (20-40 yr) - ANS Peak physical function, fertility high,
slow metabolic changes begin in late 30s.
Physiological changes in Middle adult (40-65 yr) - ANS Presbyopia, decreased muscle mass,
decreased bone density begins, perimenopause/menopause transitions in women, gradual
hearing loss, possible chronic conditions onset.
Physiological changes in Older adult (65+) - ANS Decreased organ reserve (cardiac output,
renal function), decreased bone mass, skin thinning, slower reflexes, cognitive variability (some
normal forgetfulness vs pathology), sensory decline.
Health-promotion interventions for Young adults - ANS Immunizations (HPV if indicated),
sexual health education, substance-use screening, exercise and nutrition counseling, mental
health screening (anxiety/depression), contraception education.
Health-promotion interventions for Middle adults - ANS Weight management, BP and
cholesterol monitoring, screening for diabetes and cancers (per guidelines), bone health
counseling (calcium + vitamin D), menopause education, stress management and work-life
balance.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Health-promotion interventions for Older adults - ANS Fall prevention, polypharmacy review,
immunizations (influenza, pneumococcal, shingles), screening for sensory deficits, cognitive
screening, advanced care planning, nutrition/hydration focus.
Quarterlife crisis - ANS Distress about career/identity/relationships in 20s-30s (like a mini
midlife crisis for younger adults).
Climacteric - ANS Transition period around midlife in which reproductive function declines
(includes menopause in women).
Midlife crisis - ANS Psychological/emotional turmoil during middle adulthood often tied to
life reassessment, identity, mortality concerns.
Causes of chronic illness development with aging - ANS Cumulative wear-and-tear of cells,
reduced physiological reserve, immune senescence, lifestyle factors (smoking, sedentary
behavior, diet), chronic low-grade inflammation, polypharmacy, socioeconomic factors (access
to care), genetics.
Nursing implication for chronic illness - ANS Focus on prevention, early screening, lifestyle
modification, medication management.
Primary prevention - ANS Prevent disease before it occurs. Examples: immunizations,
smoking cessation programs, healthy diet education, exercise promotion.
Secondary prevention - ANS Early detection and treatment to halt progression. Examples:
screening (BP checks, mammograms, colonoscopy), glucose testing, TB testing.
Tertiary prevention - ANS Reduce disability from established disease, prevent complications.
Examples: cardiac rehab after MI, diabetic foot care to prevent amputation, dialysis.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
AND ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2026.
Negative effects of not resolving an Eriksonian crisis - ANS Short-term: anxiety, poor self-
esteem, maladaptive coping (avoidance, withdrawal), relationship difficulties.
Long-term effects of unresolved Eriksonian crisis - ANS Persistent identity diffusion, impaired
relationships, dysfunctional work or family roles, increased risk for mental health disorders
(depression, anxiety), and potentially repeating maladaptive patterns in later stages.
Nursing focus for Eriksonian crisis - ANS Identify unresolved issues, encourage reflection and
healthy coping, refer to counseling, support gradual mastery of age-appropriate tasks.
Testable point on unresolved crises - ANS Unresolved crises reduce a person's ability to
successfully manage later-stage developmental tasks.
Physiological changes in Infancy (0-1 yr) - ANS Rapid growth, fontanel closure, increased head
circumference, primitive reflexes fade, developing thermoregulation. Nutrition:
breastmilk/formula. Immunizations begin.
Physiological changes in Toddler (1-3 yr) - ANS Slower growth rate than infancy, improved
gross/fine motor, language explosion. Potty training begins.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Physiological changes in Preschool (3-6 yr) - ANS Improved coordination, imaginative play,
loss of baby fat, dentition pattern changes.
Physiological changes in School-age (6-12 yr) - ANS Steady growth, refinement of motor skills,
permanent teeth eruption, increasing independence.
Physiological changes in Adolescence (12-20 yr) - ANS Puberty (secondary sex
characteristics), growth spurt, reproductive maturity, cognitive shifts (abstract thinking).
Physiological changes in Young adult (20-40 yr) - ANS Peak physical function, fertility high,
slow metabolic changes begin in late 30s.
Physiological changes in Middle adult (40-65 yr) - ANS Presbyopia, decreased muscle mass,
decreased bone density begins, perimenopause/menopause transitions in women, gradual
hearing loss, possible chronic conditions onset.
Physiological changes in Older adult (65+) - ANS Decreased organ reserve (cardiac output,
renal function), decreased bone mass, skin thinning, slower reflexes, cognitive variability (some
normal forgetfulness vs pathology), sensory decline.
Health-promotion interventions for Young adults - ANS Immunizations (HPV if indicated),
sexual health education, substance-use screening, exercise and nutrition counseling, mental
health screening (anxiety/depression), contraception education.
Health-promotion interventions for Middle adults - ANS Weight management, BP and
cholesterol monitoring, screening for diabetes and cancers (per guidelines), bone health
counseling (calcium + vitamin D), menopause education, stress management and work-life
balance.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Health-promotion interventions for Older adults - ANS Fall prevention, polypharmacy review,
immunizations (influenza, pneumococcal, shingles), screening for sensory deficits, cognitive
screening, advanced care planning, nutrition/hydration focus.
Quarterlife crisis - ANS Distress about career/identity/relationships in 20s-30s (like a mini
midlife crisis for younger adults).
Climacteric - ANS Transition period around midlife in which reproductive function declines
(includes menopause in women).
Midlife crisis - ANS Psychological/emotional turmoil during middle adulthood often tied to
life reassessment, identity, mortality concerns.
Causes of chronic illness development with aging - ANS Cumulative wear-and-tear of cells,
reduced physiological reserve, immune senescence, lifestyle factors (smoking, sedentary
behavior, diet), chronic low-grade inflammation, polypharmacy, socioeconomic factors (access
to care), genetics.
Nursing implication for chronic illness - ANS Focus on prevention, early screening, lifestyle
modification, medication management.
Primary prevention - ANS Prevent disease before it occurs. Examples: immunizations,
smoking cessation programs, healthy diet education, exercise promotion.
Secondary prevention - ANS Early detection and treatment to halt progression. Examples:
screening (BP checks, mammograms, colonoscopy), glucose testing, TB testing.
Tertiary prevention - ANS Reduce disability from established disease, prevent complications.
Examples: cardiac rehab after MI, diabetic foot care to prevent amputation, dialysis.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
