ESRM 304 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
environmental and resource assessment (era) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅process of evaluating and
understanding available natural resources, as well as the natural and social environment, to make
decisions about land and water use
sampling - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅process of collecting information about a representative subset of
objects or units to make inferences about an entire population
statistic - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅value calculated from sampled data to approximate patterns in the
broader population (ex: sample mean)
parameter - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a fixed constant that characterizes a population (ex: population
mean)
representation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅does the study capture our target population?
scope of inference - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅spatial, temporal, or demographic extent captured by a
study and therefore the area, timeframe, or population that you can draw conclusions about
randomization - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅are plots located without bias?
stratification - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅tool to intentionally locate plots across an unavoidable gradient to
control for it in analyses
replication - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅do we have enough independent samples to draw conclusions?
variance - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅how much dispersion there is in a sample
standard deviation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅how widely do sample values differ from the mean in
measurable units? square root of variance
, standard error - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅how much variation would you expect in the estimated mean if
you repeated this sampling again?
covariance - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅measures how two variables change together
strongly positive covariance - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅individuals have high x and y values
strongly negative covariance - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅individuals have high x values and low y values
weak covariance - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅individuals x and y are unrelated
correlation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅standardizes covariance by the variance of each variable, ranges
from -1 to 1
coefficient of variation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅compares variation across different variables over space
and time (SD/mean) higher=more variation
p-value - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one
observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true
azimuth - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅compass direction in degree numbers (0-360°)
bearing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅range from 0-90°, increase away from N and S
magnetic declination - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅angle between local magnetic field and geographic (polar)
north
dichotomous key - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅gives you choices to help systematically break down the
species and identify it
environmental and resource assessment (era) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅process of evaluating and
understanding available natural resources, as well as the natural and social environment, to make
decisions about land and water use
sampling - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅process of collecting information about a representative subset of
objects or units to make inferences about an entire population
statistic - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅value calculated from sampled data to approximate patterns in the
broader population (ex: sample mean)
parameter - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a fixed constant that characterizes a population (ex: population
mean)
representation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅does the study capture our target population?
scope of inference - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅spatial, temporal, or demographic extent captured by a
study and therefore the area, timeframe, or population that you can draw conclusions about
randomization - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅are plots located without bias?
stratification - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅tool to intentionally locate plots across an unavoidable gradient to
control for it in analyses
replication - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅do we have enough independent samples to draw conclusions?
variance - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅how much dispersion there is in a sample
standard deviation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅how widely do sample values differ from the mean in
measurable units? square root of variance
, standard error - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅how much variation would you expect in the estimated mean if
you repeated this sampling again?
covariance - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅measures how two variables change together
strongly positive covariance - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅individuals have high x and y values
strongly negative covariance - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅individuals have high x values and low y values
weak covariance - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅individuals x and y are unrelated
correlation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅standardizes covariance by the variance of each variable, ranges
from -1 to 1
coefficient of variation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅compares variation across different variables over space
and time (SD/mean) higher=more variation
p-value - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one
observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true
azimuth - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅compass direction in degree numbers (0-360°)
bearing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅range from 0-90°, increase away from N and S
magnetic declination - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅angle between local magnetic field and geographic (polar)
north
dichotomous key - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅gives you choices to help systematically break down the
species and identify it
