1|Page
CVS PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2026 ACTUAL EXAM
WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(100% VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+| ||PROFESSOR
VERIFIED||
What are side effects and drug interactions of phosphodiesterase
inhibitors? - ANSWER-Side effects include vomiting and diarrhoea
and dizziness, with important drug interactions being with other
antiplatelets and anticoagulants and adenosine
What are indications of phosphodiesterase inhibitors? -
ANSWER-Secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke and TIAs, or
as an adjunct for prophylaxis of thromboembolism following valve
replacement
What does abciximab do? - ANSWER-Block binding of fibrinogen
and von Willebrand factor (vWF). They target the final common
pathway leading to more complete platelet aggregation, so should
only be used in specific circumstances.
What are side effects and indications of abciximab? - ANSWER-
Side effect - bleeding
,2|Page
Indications - high-risk percutaneous transluminal coronary
angioplasty patients
What do streptokinase and alteplase target? - ANSWER-
Plasminogen --> plasmin pathway
What does tranexamic acid do? - ANSWER-Stops bleeding and
can be used in emergencies to oppose thrombolytics or in heavy
nosebleeds/periods
What is unfractionated heparin? - ANSWER-45 polysaccharide
unit mixture with a fast onset of action at lower dose (half-life is 30
mins) but slower at higher doses (2 hour half-life). It has mixed
elimination, so it is unpredictable
Mostly given as IV bolus and infusion, can be given SC
Inhibits factors Xa and IIa
What is LMWH? - ANSWER-15 polysaccharides which are
absorbed more uniformly
Dalteparin and enoxaparin
, 3|Page
Almost always given SC due to the higher bioavailability (smaller
size), of over 90% although they can be given IV in ACS
Half-life = 2+ years
What is fondaparinux? - ANSWER-Synthetic factor Xa inhibitor
SC administration, 18 hour half-life
When are heparins indicated? - ANSWER-Prophylaxis of VTE
Pregnancy - doesn't cross placenta
Initial DVT and PE treatment
Short term in ACS
What are heparin ADRs? - ANSWER-Bruising and bleeding
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
Hyperkalaemia
What are heparin contraindications? - ANSWER-Clotting
disorders and renal impairment
CVS PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2026 ACTUAL EXAM
WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(100% VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+| ||PROFESSOR
VERIFIED||
What are side effects and drug interactions of phosphodiesterase
inhibitors? - ANSWER-Side effects include vomiting and diarrhoea
and dizziness, with important drug interactions being with other
antiplatelets and anticoagulants and adenosine
What are indications of phosphodiesterase inhibitors? -
ANSWER-Secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke and TIAs, or
as an adjunct for prophylaxis of thromboembolism following valve
replacement
What does abciximab do? - ANSWER-Block binding of fibrinogen
and von Willebrand factor (vWF). They target the final common
pathway leading to more complete platelet aggregation, so should
only be used in specific circumstances.
What are side effects and indications of abciximab? - ANSWER-
Side effect - bleeding
,2|Page
Indications - high-risk percutaneous transluminal coronary
angioplasty patients
What do streptokinase and alteplase target? - ANSWER-
Plasminogen --> plasmin pathway
What does tranexamic acid do? - ANSWER-Stops bleeding and
can be used in emergencies to oppose thrombolytics or in heavy
nosebleeds/periods
What is unfractionated heparin? - ANSWER-45 polysaccharide
unit mixture with a fast onset of action at lower dose (half-life is 30
mins) but slower at higher doses (2 hour half-life). It has mixed
elimination, so it is unpredictable
Mostly given as IV bolus and infusion, can be given SC
Inhibits factors Xa and IIa
What is LMWH? - ANSWER-15 polysaccharides which are
absorbed more uniformly
Dalteparin and enoxaparin
, 3|Page
Almost always given SC due to the higher bioavailability (smaller
size), of over 90% although they can be given IV in ACS
Half-life = 2+ years
What is fondaparinux? - ANSWER-Synthetic factor Xa inhibitor
SC administration, 18 hour half-life
When are heparins indicated? - ANSWER-Prophylaxis of VTE
Pregnancy - doesn't cross placenta
Initial DVT and PE treatment
Short term in ACS
What are heparin ADRs? - ANSWER-Bruising and bleeding
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
Hyperkalaemia
What are heparin contraindications? - ANSWER-Clotting
disorders and renal impairment
