NURS 1210 Human Anatomy and
Physiology 1 Midterm 2
Structural classification of joints - answer fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
fibrous joints - answer Have the articulating bones held together by dense irregular
connective tissue and permit little or no movement. e.g. suture, interosseous membrane
cartilaginous joints - answer Has articulating bones connected by hyaline or fibrous
cartilage and allows little or no movement. e.g. epiphyseal plate, pubic symphysis
synovial joints - answer Have an articular cavity between the articulating bones and are
freely movable. e.g. elbow, hip, shoulder
articular capsule - answer Surrounds a synovial joint. Is composed of two layers: the
outer fibrous capsule (which may contain ligaments) and the inner synovial membrane
(which secretes a lubricating and joint-nourishing synovial fluid).
Ligaments - answer Help hold bone to bone
Articular discs - answer modify the shape of the joint surfaces of the articulating bones,
help maintain the stability of the joint, and direct the flow of synovial fluid to areas of
greatest friction.
Bursa - answersac-like structures filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one
body part over another
Tendon sheaths - answera tube-like bursa that wraps around tendons subject to a great
deal of friction
Synovial movements - answermovement at the point of contact of the articulating
bones. Synovial joints allow bones to slide past each other or to rotate around each
other.
Gliding movement - answerMovement in which nearly flat bone surfaces move back-
and-forth and from side-to-side with respect to one another. No significant alteration of
the angle between the bones.
angular movements - answerflexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
Flexion - answerDecrease angle
,Extension - answerincrease angle
Abduction - answerMovement of a bone away from the midline
Hyperextension - answera movement beyond the normal range of motion
Adduction - answerMovement of a bone toward the midline- returns to anatomical
position
Circumduction - answermovement of the distal end of a body part in a circle
Rotation movement - answerbone revolves around its own longitudinal axis. Defined
relative to the midline (medial toward; lateral away)
Special movements - answerinversion/eversion, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, lateral
flexion, protraction/retraction, opposition, depression/elevation
Synovial joint structure - answerPlane, hinge, ball-and-socket
Hinge joint structure - answerProduce an angular, opening-and-closing motion like that
of a hinged door
One bone remains in a fixed position while the other moves around an axis
Hinge joints permit flexion and extension
Example: Knee, elbow, ankle
Ball-and-socket joint structure - answerA ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a
cuplike depression of another bone
Triaxial permitting movements around three axes (flexion-extension, abduction-
adduction, and rotation
Example: shoulder, hip joint
Plane joint structure - answerPermit back-and-forth and side-to-side movements
between the flat surfaces of bones, but they may also rotate against one another.
Example: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, sternoclavicular joints, acromioclavicular
joints
Factors affecting joints: - answerBone structure, joint ligaments, tension of muscles,
contact of soft parts, hormones, disuse.
Structure and shape of the articulating bones - answerDetermines fit
Strength and tautness of the joint ligaments - answerDirect movement/restrict range of
movements
Arrangement and tension of the muscles - answerAdds additional restraint
, Contact of soft parts - answerStops movement, e.g. elbow to bicep or fat can restrict
range of movement
Hormones - answerChanges flexibility, e.g. relaxin secreted by placenta and ovaries
Disuse - answerRestricted range of movement if joint not used, decreased synovial fluid
and flexibility, muscle atrophy
Selected joints - answerTemporomandibular (hinge and plane), Glenohumeral/shoulder
(ball-and-socket), elbow (hinge), hip(ball-and-socket), knew (modified hinge).
Temporomandibular joint - answerCombined hinge and plane joint
●Formed by the mandible and the temporal bone
Elbow joint - answerHinge joint formed by:
●Trochlea
●Trochlear notch of the ulna
●Head of the radius
Movements: flexion and extension of the forearm
glenohumeral joint - answerBall-and-socket joint. Formed by the head of the humerus
and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
Movements at the joint include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and
lateral rotation, and circumduction of the arm.
Hip joint - answerBall-and-socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the
acetabulum of the hip bone
Movements at this joint include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction,
and medial and lateral rotation of the thigh.
Knee joint - answerThe knee joint is the largest and most complex joint of the body.
●It is a modified hinge joint (primary movement is uniaxial hinge movement)
Three joints within a single synovial cavity: tibiofemoral joint (laterally), tibiofemoral joint
(medially), and patellofemoral joint
Aging and joints - answer●Decreased production of synovial fluid
●Thinning of articular cartilage
●Loss of ligament length and flexibility
Arthroplasty - answerJoint replacement surgery can be performed to counter some of
the effects of aging
Arthritis - answerSwollen, stiff,and painful joints
Osteoarthritis - answera degenerative joint disease commonly known as "wear-and-
tear" arthritis. It is characterized by deterioration of articular cartilage
Physiology 1 Midterm 2
Structural classification of joints - answer fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
fibrous joints - answer Have the articulating bones held together by dense irregular
connective tissue and permit little or no movement. e.g. suture, interosseous membrane
cartilaginous joints - answer Has articulating bones connected by hyaline or fibrous
cartilage and allows little or no movement. e.g. epiphyseal plate, pubic symphysis
synovial joints - answer Have an articular cavity between the articulating bones and are
freely movable. e.g. elbow, hip, shoulder
articular capsule - answer Surrounds a synovial joint. Is composed of two layers: the
outer fibrous capsule (which may contain ligaments) and the inner synovial membrane
(which secretes a lubricating and joint-nourishing synovial fluid).
Ligaments - answer Help hold bone to bone
Articular discs - answer modify the shape of the joint surfaces of the articulating bones,
help maintain the stability of the joint, and direct the flow of synovial fluid to areas of
greatest friction.
Bursa - answersac-like structures filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one
body part over another
Tendon sheaths - answera tube-like bursa that wraps around tendons subject to a great
deal of friction
Synovial movements - answermovement at the point of contact of the articulating
bones. Synovial joints allow bones to slide past each other or to rotate around each
other.
Gliding movement - answerMovement in which nearly flat bone surfaces move back-
and-forth and from side-to-side with respect to one another. No significant alteration of
the angle between the bones.
angular movements - answerflexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
Flexion - answerDecrease angle
,Extension - answerincrease angle
Abduction - answerMovement of a bone away from the midline
Hyperextension - answera movement beyond the normal range of motion
Adduction - answerMovement of a bone toward the midline- returns to anatomical
position
Circumduction - answermovement of the distal end of a body part in a circle
Rotation movement - answerbone revolves around its own longitudinal axis. Defined
relative to the midline (medial toward; lateral away)
Special movements - answerinversion/eversion, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, lateral
flexion, protraction/retraction, opposition, depression/elevation
Synovial joint structure - answerPlane, hinge, ball-and-socket
Hinge joint structure - answerProduce an angular, opening-and-closing motion like that
of a hinged door
One bone remains in a fixed position while the other moves around an axis
Hinge joints permit flexion and extension
Example: Knee, elbow, ankle
Ball-and-socket joint structure - answerA ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a
cuplike depression of another bone
Triaxial permitting movements around three axes (flexion-extension, abduction-
adduction, and rotation
Example: shoulder, hip joint
Plane joint structure - answerPermit back-and-forth and side-to-side movements
between the flat surfaces of bones, but they may also rotate against one another.
Example: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, sternoclavicular joints, acromioclavicular
joints
Factors affecting joints: - answerBone structure, joint ligaments, tension of muscles,
contact of soft parts, hormones, disuse.
Structure and shape of the articulating bones - answerDetermines fit
Strength and tautness of the joint ligaments - answerDirect movement/restrict range of
movements
Arrangement and tension of the muscles - answerAdds additional restraint
, Contact of soft parts - answerStops movement, e.g. elbow to bicep or fat can restrict
range of movement
Hormones - answerChanges flexibility, e.g. relaxin secreted by placenta and ovaries
Disuse - answerRestricted range of movement if joint not used, decreased synovial fluid
and flexibility, muscle atrophy
Selected joints - answerTemporomandibular (hinge and plane), Glenohumeral/shoulder
(ball-and-socket), elbow (hinge), hip(ball-and-socket), knew (modified hinge).
Temporomandibular joint - answerCombined hinge and plane joint
●Formed by the mandible and the temporal bone
Elbow joint - answerHinge joint formed by:
●Trochlea
●Trochlear notch of the ulna
●Head of the radius
Movements: flexion and extension of the forearm
glenohumeral joint - answerBall-and-socket joint. Formed by the head of the humerus
and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
Movements at the joint include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and
lateral rotation, and circumduction of the arm.
Hip joint - answerBall-and-socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the
acetabulum of the hip bone
Movements at this joint include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction,
and medial and lateral rotation of the thigh.
Knee joint - answerThe knee joint is the largest and most complex joint of the body.
●It is a modified hinge joint (primary movement is uniaxial hinge movement)
Three joints within a single synovial cavity: tibiofemoral joint (laterally), tibiofemoral joint
(medially), and patellofemoral joint
Aging and joints - answer●Decreased production of synovial fluid
●Thinning of articular cartilage
●Loss of ligament length and flexibility
Arthroplasty - answerJoint replacement surgery can be performed to counter some of
the effects of aging
Arthritis - answerSwollen, stiff,and painful joints
Osteoarthritis - answera degenerative joint disease commonly known as "wear-and-
tear" arthritis. It is characterized by deterioration of articular cartilage
