BIOCHEMISTRY LAB 1 TO 9 REPORTS
PORTAGE LEARNING WITH PROCEDURES
EXPLANATION AND FINAL RESULTS
LATEST UPDATE 2024 CERTIFICATION
TEST SCRIPT 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ Step 7 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction. Answer: cAMP is
degraded, reversing activation of PKA. α-subunit hydrolyzes GTP to
GDP and becomes inactivated.
⩥ cAMP. Answer: Secondary messenger in GPCR signalling. Formed
from ATP by adenylyl cyclase. Activates PKA (protein kinase A).
⩥ AKAP. Answer: Anchoring protein that binds to PKA, GPCR, and
adenylyl cyclase.
⩥ GAPs (GTPase activator proteins). Answer: Increase activity of
GTPase activity in α-subunit of GPCR.
⩥ ßARK and ßarr. Answer: Used in desensitization. ßARK
phosphorylates receptors and ßarr draws receptor into the cell via
endocytosis
,⩥ RTKs (Receptor Tyrosine Kinases). Answer: Have tyrosine kinase
activity that phosphorylates a tyrosine residue in target proteins
⩥ INSR (Insulin Receptor Protein). Answer: Form of RTK. Catalytic
domains undergo auto-phosphorylation.
⩥ INSR signalling cascade. Answer: INSR phosphorlates IRS-1 that
causes a kinase cascade.
⩥ INSR cross-talk. Answer: INSR causes a kinase cascade that alters
gene expression and phosphorlates ß-adrenergic receptor causing its
endocytosis.
⩥ NADH. Answer:
⩥ FADH2. Answer: Single-electron transfer
⩥ NADPH. Answer:
⩥ FMN. Answer: Single electron transfer.
⩥ Step 1 of Glycolysis. Answer: Glucose --> Glucose 6-phosphate.
, Uses hexokinase enzyme.
ATP --> ADP
⩥ Step 2 of Glycolysis. Answer: Glucose 6-phosphate <--> Fructose 6-
phosphate
Uses phosphohexose isomerase enzyme.
⩥ Step 3 of Glycolysis. Answer: Fructose 6-phosphate --> Fructose 1,6-
bisphosphate
Uses PFK-1 (phosphofructokinase-1) enzyme.
ATP --> ADP
⩥ First Committed Step of Glycolysis. Answer: Step 3 of Glycolysis.
Fructose 6-Phosphate --> Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. (PFK-1)
⩥ Step 4 of Glycolysis. Answer: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate <-->
dihydroxyacetone + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Uses aldolase enzyme.
⩥ Step 5 of Glycolysis. Answer: Dihydroxyacetonephosphate <-->
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Uses triose phosphate isomerase enzyme.
PORTAGE LEARNING WITH PROCEDURES
EXPLANATION AND FINAL RESULTS
LATEST UPDATE 2024 CERTIFICATION
TEST SCRIPT 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ Step 7 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction. Answer: cAMP is
degraded, reversing activation of PKA. α-subunit hydrolyzes GTP to
GDP and becomes inactivated.
⩥ cAMP. Answer: Secondary messenger in GPCR signalling. Formed
from ATP by adenylyl cyclase. Activates PKA (protein kinase A).
⩥ AKAP. Answer: Anchoring protein that binds to PKA, GPCR, and
adenylyl cyclase.
⩥ GAPs (GTPase activator proteins). Answer: Increase activity of
GTPase activity in α-subunit of GPCR.
⩥ ßARK and ßarr. Answer: Used in desensitization. ßARK
phosphorylates receptors and ßarr draws receptor into the cell via
endocytosis
,⩥ RTKs (Receptor Tyrosine Kinases). Answer: Have tyrosine kinase
activity that phosphorylates a tyrosine residue in target proteins
⩥ INSR (Insulin Receptor Protein). Answer: Form of RTK. Catalytic
domains undergo auto-phosphorylation.
⩥ INSR signalling cascade. Answer: INSR phosphorlates IRS-1 that
causes a kinase cascade.
⩥ INSR cross-talk. Answer: INSR causes a kinase cascade that alters
gene expression and phosphorlates ß-adrenergic receptor causing its
endocytosis.
⩥ NADH. Answer:
⩥ FADH2. Answer: Single-electron transfer
⩥ NADPH. Answer:
⩥ FMN. Answer: Single electron transfer.
⩥ Step 1 of Glycolysis. Answer: Glucose --> Glucose 6-phosphate.
, Uses hexokinase enzyme.
ATP --> ADP
⩥ Step 2 of Glycolysis. Answer: Glucose 6-phosphate <--> Fructose 6-
phosphate
Uses phosphohexose isomerase enzyme.
⩥ Step 3 of Glycolysis. Answer: Fructose 6-phosphate --> Fructose 1,6-
bisphosphate
Uses PFK-1 (phosphofructokinase-1) enzyme.
ATP --> ADP
⩥ First Committed Step of Glycolysis. Answer: Step 3 of Glycolysis.
Fructose 6-Phosphate --> Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. (PFK-1)
⩥ Step 4 of Glycolysis. Answer: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate <-->
dihydroxyacetone + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Uses aldolase enzyme.
⩥ Step 5 of Glycolysis. Answer: Dihydroxyacetonephosphate <-->
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Uses triose phosphate isomerase enzyme.
