TEST BANK FOR
JANEWAY'S IMMUNOBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION BY KENNETH MURPHY (AUTHOR), CASEY W EAVER
(AUTHOR)
CHAPTER 1-16
CHAPTER 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN IMMUNOLOGY
The origins of vertebrate immune cells
1.1 Multiple choice: In patients with lymphomas, the cancer cells invade the bone marrow
and destroy the environment required for normal hematopoiesis. This leads to bone
marrow failure, which disrupts the production of hematopoietic cell lineages. All of the
following cell types would be affected by this EXCEPT:
A. Red blood cells
B. Macrophages
C. Lymphocytes
D. Endothelial cells
E. Granulocytes
Principles of innate immunity
1-1 Commensal organisms cause little host damage while pathogens damage host
tissues by a variety of mechanisms
1.2 True/False: Our immune system efficiently kills all categories of microbes that attempt to
colonize our bodies.
1.3 Short answer: Pathogenic organisms cause damage to the host by a variety of
mechanisms, depending on the category of the pathogen and its mode of replication in
the host. Give an example of two different types of pathogens that are unlikely to be
dealt with by the same mechanism of immune protection.
1-2 Anatomic and chemical barriers are the first defense against pathogens
1.4 Multiple choice: The skin and bodily secretions provide the first line of defense against
infection. One response in this category that is common during upper respiratory virus
infections is:
A. Production of antibodies
B. Infiltration by white blood cells
C. Mucus production
D. Increased saliva production
E. Fever
1-3 The immune system is activated by inflammatory inducers that indicate the presence
of pathogens or tissue damage
Page 1 of 332
,1.5 Short answer: A common mechanism by which sensor cells in the host detect micro-
organisms relies on the production of unique microbial components not found in the
host. Propose a strategy by which a clever microbe could evade this type of response.
1.6 Multiple choice: Adaptive immune responses are slow to develop, taking days to weeks
after exposure to reach their peak. However, these responses are more specific than
innate responses, and also generate immunological memory. These latter features,
which provide enhanced protection upon re-infection with the same pathogen, are the
basis of:
A. Vaccines
B. Antibiotics
C. Systemic shock
D. Complement activation
E. Phagocytosis
1-4 The myeloid lineage comprises most of the cells of the innate immune system
1.7 True/False: In the absence of an infection, most granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils,
basophils) are found circulating in the blood, whereas other subsets of myeloid cells
reside in tissues.
1.8 Short answer: Dendritic cells are phagocytic, but also capable of ingesting large
amounts of extracellular fluid and its contents, a process known as macropinocytosis.
What specialized function do dendritic cells have in immunity that might account for their
need to perform macropinocytosis?
1-5 Sensor cells express pattern recognition receptors that provide an initial
discrimination between self and nonself
1.9 Multiple choice: Some Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognize nucleic acids,
like RNA or DNA. Since our own cells contain human RNA and DNA, the activation of
innate immune pathways by these PRRs must rely on additional criteria to discriminate
self from nonself. Additional criteria include everything EXCEPT:
A. The subcellular location of the RNA
B. The presence of adenosine residues in viral RNA
C. The methylation state of the DNA
D. Unique structures found on viral RNA
E. The subcellular location of the DNA
1-6 Sensor cells induce an inflammatory response by producing mediators such as
chemokines and cytokines
1.10 Multiple choice: When macrophages in a tissue encounter bacteria, they release
cytokines that induce an inflammatory response. These cytokines act on other immune
cells, to recruit them to the site of infection and to enhance their activities. In addition,
these cytokines act on the endothelial cells of the blood vessel wall to:
A. Increase their permeability, allowing fluid and proteins to leak into the tissue
B. Solidify the tight junctions to prevent the bacteria from entering the blood
C. Proliferate, allowing the blood vessel to enlarge
D. Up-regulate microbicidal mechanisms, so they can kill bacteria
E. Secrete anti-microbial peptides
Page 2 of 332
,1.11 Short answer: A common characteristic of a site of infection, such as a pimple on the
skin, is pus. What is responsible for the white color of pus?
1-7 Innate lymphocytes and natural killer cells are effector cells that share similarities
with lymphoid lineages of the adaptive immune system
1.12 True/False: Innate lymphoid cells and NK cells are effector cells that respond rapidly
after encountering a pathogen. Several different subsets of innate lymphoid cells exist,
and each is specialized to respond to a category of pathogen (e.g., viruses, extracellular
bacteria, helminthic parasites, etc). Innate lymphoid cells reside primarily in tissues such
as the lungs, the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, and the skin, because these sites
represent the major routes of entry of pathogens into the body.
Principles of adaptive immunity
1-8 The interaction of antigens with antigen receptors induces lymphocytes to acquire
effector and memory activity
1.13 Short answer: Most B and T lymphocytes in the circulation appear as small, inactive
cells, with little cytoplasm, few cytoplasmic organelles, and nuclei containing condensed
inactive chromatin. Yet these cells comprise the adaptive immune response, without
which individuals die in infancy. What is the explanation for this apparent dichotomy?
1.14 Multiple choice: Given the enormous heterogeneity of antigen receptors expressed on
the populations of naive B and T lymphocytes, the adaptive immune response relies on
a process whereby the rare lymphocyte that binds to the antigen is first induced to
proliferate, before it can perform its effector function. For B cells, there is a clever
mechanism that ensures that the specificity of the antibody secreted by the plasma cell
will recognize the same pathogen that initially stimulated the B cell antigen receptor and
induced B cell proliferation. This mechanism is:
A. The naive B cell expresses an array of different B cell antigen receptors, and
randomly chooses which specificity of antibody to secrete as a plasma cell.
B. The naive B cell expresses a single specificity of B cell antigen receptor, and
then up-regulates the expression of this receptor so it can bind tightly to the
pathogen.
C. The plasma cell proliferates after it has finished secreting antibody to generate
more plasma cells with specificity for the pathogen.
D. The plasma cell traps secreted antibody molecules in its extracellular matrix and
uses these antibodies to bind to the pathogen.
E. The naive B cell expresses a membrane-bound form of the antibody as a
receptor, and secretes that same antibody when it differentiates into a plasma
cell.
1.15 Multiple choice: Unlike B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes do not generate a secreted form
of their antigen receptor after they are activated and proliferate. This is because the
effector functions of T cells are restricted to:
A. Responses important in protozoan infections, but not other types of infections
B. Interactions with large helminthic parasites, which cannot be phagocytosed
C. Interactions with other cells, such as virus-infected cells or other immune cells
Page 3 of 332
, D. Responses important in mucosal surfaces (e.g., the lung), where antibodies
cannot go
E. Stimulating B cells and not any other types of cells
1-9 Antibodies and T-cell receptors are composed of constant and variable regions that
provide distinct functions
1.16 Short answer: The antibody protein is often depicted as an uppercase letter Y, with the
two variable regions (antigen-binding domains) pointing up, and the stem consisting of
the Fc region (constant domain). An analogy has been made between an antibody
protein and a guided missile, with one type of antibody domain functioning as the
guidance system, and the other type of domain as the ‗payload.‘ Which antibody domain
serves as the guidance system, and which as the payload? Explain your answer.
1-10 Antibodies and T-cell receptors recognize antigens by fundamentally different
mechanisms
1.17 Multiple choice: The antigen receptor on a T cell recognizes a degraded fragment of a
protein (i.e., a peptide) bound to a specialized cell surface peptide-binding receptor
called an MHC molecule. One key aspect of this system is that the peptides displayed
on MHC molecules can be derived from intracellular proteins. This mode of antigen
recognition is particularly important in allowing the adaptive immune response to detect
infections by:
A. Large helminthic parasites in the gastrointestinal tract
B. Intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and some protozoa
C. Extracellular bacteria that colonize the lungs
D. Fungi that form hyphae in the bronchial airways
E. Fungal infections in the skin epithelium
1-11 Antigen-receptor genes are assembled by somatic gene rearrangements of
incomplete receptor gene segments
1.18 Short answer: In the 1970s, immunologists discovered the genetic mechanism allowing
a population of B cells to produce an enormous diversity of different antibodies. At the
time, this discovery shocked the field of biology, as it called into question the ‗immutable‘
nature of DNA, which was known to be the genetic material transmitted from generation
to generation during the propagation of the species. Briefly describe this startling
mechanism.
1-12 Lymphocytes activated by antigen give rise to clones of antigen-specific effector
cells that mediate adaptive immunity
1.19 True/False: For cells of the innate immune system, each individual cell has multiple
pattern recognition receptors, and can recognize many different pathogens. In contrast,
cells of the adaptive immune system each express only a single antigen receptor, and
have a single specificity for pathogen recognition.
1.20 Multiple choice: The clonal selection theory was first proposed in the 1950s, decades
before the molecular details of B and T lymphocyte development and lymphocyte
antigen recognition responses were elucidated. Nonetheless, Burnet, who proposed this
Page 4 of 332
JANEWAY'S IMMUNOBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION BY KENNETH MURPHY (AUTHOR), CASEY W EAVER
(AUTHOR)
CHAPTER 1-16
CHAPTER 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN IMMUNOLOGY
The origins of vertebrate immune cells
1.1 Multiple choice: In patients with lymphomas, the cancer cells invade the bone marrow
and destroy the environment required for normal hematopoiesis. This leads to bone
marrow failure, which disrupts the production of hematopoietic cell lineages. All of the
following cell types would be affected by this EXCEPT:
A. Red blood cells
B. Macrophages
C. Lymphocytes
D. Endothelial cells
E. Granulocytes
Principles of innate immunity
1-1 Commensal organisms cause little host damage while pathogens damage host
tissues by a variety of mechanisms
1.2 True/False: Our immune system efficiently kills all categories of microbes that attempt to
colonize our bodies.
1.3 Short answer: Pathogenic organisms cause damage to the host by a variety of
mechanisms, depending on the category of the pathogen and its mode of replication in
the host. Give an example of two different types of pathogens that are unlikely to be
dealt with by the same mechanism of immune protection.
1-2 Anatomic and chemical barriers are the first defense against pathogens
1.4 Multiple choice: The skin and bodily secretions provide the first line of defense against
infection. One response in this category that is common during upper respiratory virus
infections is:
A. Production of antibodies
B. Infiltration by white blood cells
C. Mucus production
D. Increased saliva production
E. Fever
1-3 The immune system is activated by inflammatory inducers that indicate the presence
of pathogens or tissue damage
Page 1 of 332
,1.5 Short answer: A common mechanism by which sensor cells in the host detect micro-
organisms relies on the production of unique microbial components not found in the
host. Propose a strategy by which a clever microbe could evade this type of response.
1.6 Multiple choice: Adaptive immune responses are slow to develop, taking days to weeks
after exposure to reach their peak. However, these responses are more specific than
innate responses, and also generate immunological memory. These latter features,
which provide enhanced protection upon re-infection with the same pathogen, are the
basis of:
A. Vaccines
B. Antibiotics
C. Systemic shock
D. Complement activation
E. Phagocytosis
1-4 The myeloid lineage comprises most of the cells of the innate immune system
1.7 True/False: In the absence of an infection, most granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils,
basophils) are found circulating in the blood, whereas other subsets of myeloid cells
reside in tissues.
1.8 Short answer: Dendritic cells are phagocytic, but also capable of ingesting large
amounts of extracellular fluid and its contents, a process known as macropinocytosis.
What specialized function do dendritic cells have in immunity that might account for their
need to perform macropinocytosis?
1-5 Sensor cells express pattern recognition receptors that provide an initial
discrimination between self and nonself
1.9 Multiple choice: Some Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognize nucleic acids,
like RNA or DNA. Since our own cells contain human RNA and DNA, the activation of
innate immune pathways by these PRRs must rely on additional criteria to discriminate
self from nonself. Additional criteria include everything EXCEPT:
A. The subcellular location of the RNA
B. The presence of adenosine residues in viral RNA
C. The methylation state of the DNA
D. Unique structures found on viral RNA
E. The subcellular location of the DNA
1-6 Sensor cells induce an inflammatory response by producing mediators such as
chemokines and cytokines
1.10 Multiple choice: When macrophages in a tissue encounter bacteria, they release
cytokines that induce an inflammatory response. These cytokines act on other immune
cells, to recruit them to the site of infection and to enhance their activities. In addition,
these cytokines act on the endothelial cells of the blood vessel wall to:
A. Increase their permeability, allowing fluid and proteins to leak into the tissue
B. Solidify the tight junctions to prevent the bacteria from entering the blood
C. Proliferate, allowing the blood vessel to enlarge
D. Up-regulate microbicidal mechanisms, so they can kill bacteria
E. Secrete anti-microbial peptides
Page 2 of 332
,1.11 Short answer: A common characteristic of a site of infection, such as a pimple on the
skin, is pus. What is responsible for the white color of pus?
1-7 Innate lymphocytes and natural killer cells are effector cells that share similarities
with lymphoid lineages of the adaptive immune system
1.12 True/False: Innate lymphoid cells and NK cells are effector cells that respond rapidly
after encountering a pathogen. Several different subsets of innate lymphoid cells exist,
and each is specialized to respond to a category of pathogen (e.g., viruses, extracellular
bacteria, helminthic parasites, etc). Innate lymphoid cells reside primarily in tissues such
as the lungs, the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, and the skin, because these sites
represent the major routes of entry of pathogens into the body.
Principles of adaptive immunity
1-8 The interaction of antigens with antigen receptors induces lymphocytes to acquire
effector and memory activity
1.13 Short answer: Most B and T lymphocytes in the circulation appear as small, inactive
cells, with little cytoplasm, few cytoplasmic organelles, and nuclei containing condensed
inactive chromatin. Yet these cells comprise the adaptive immune response, without
which individuals die in infancy. What is the explanation for this apparent dichotomy?
1.14 Multiple choice: Given the enormous heterogeneity of antigen receptors expressed on
the populations of naive B and T lymphocytes, the adaptive immune response relies on
a process whereby the rare lymphocyte that binds to the antigen is first induced to
proliferate, before it can perform its effector function. For B cells, there is a clever
mechanism that ensures that the specificity of the antibody secreted by the plasma cell
will recognize the same pathogen that initially stimulated the B cell antigen receptor and
induced B cell proliferation. This mechanism is:
A. The naive B cell expresses an array of different B cell antigen receptors, and
randomly chooses which specificity of antibody to secrete as a plasma cell.
B. The naive B cell expresses a single specificity of B cell antigen receptor, and
then up-regulates the expression of this receptor so it can bind tightly to the
pathogen.
C. The plasma cell proliferates after it has finished secreting antibody to generate
more plasma cells with specificity for the pathogen.
D. The plasma cell traps secreted antibody molecules in its extracellular matrix and
uses these antibodies to bind to the pathogen.
E. The naive B cell expresses a membrane-bound form of the antibody as a
receptor, and secretes that same antibody when it differentiates into a plasma
cell.
1.15 Multiple choice: Unlike B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes do not generate a secreted form
of their antigen receptor after they are activated and proliferate. This is because the
effector functions of T cells are restricted to:
A. Responses important in protozoan infections, but not other types of infections
B. Interactions with large helminthic parasites, which cannot be phagocytosed
C. Interactions with other cells, such as virus-infected cells or other immune cells
Page 3 of 332
, D. Responses important in mucosal surfaces (e.g., the lung), where antibodies
cannot go
E. Stimulating B cells and not any other types of cells
1-9 Antibodies and T-cell receptors are composed of constant and variable regions that
provide distinct functions
1.16 Short answer: The antibody protein is often depicted as an uppercase letter Y, with the
two variable regions (antigen-binding domains) pointing up, and the stem consisting of
the Fc region (constant domain). An analogy has been made between an antibody
protein and a guided missile, with one type of antibody domain functioning as the
guidance system, and the other type of domain as the ‗payload.‘ Which antibody domain
serves as the guidance system, and which as the payload? Explain your answer.
1-10 Antibodies and T-cell receptors recognize antigens by fundamentally different
mechanisms
1.17 Multiple choice: The antigen receptor on a T cell recognizes a degraded fragment of a
protein (i.e., a peptide) bound to a specialized cell surface peptide-binding receptor
called an MHC molecule. One key aspect of this system is that the peptides displayed
on MHC molecules can be derived from intracellular proteins. This mode of antigen
recognition is particularly important in allowing the adaptive immune response to detect
infections by:
A. Large helminthic parasites in the gastrointestinal tract
B. Intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and some protozoa
C. Extracellular bacteria that colonize the lungs
D. Fungi that form hyphae in the bronchial airways
E. Fungal infections in the skin epithelium
1-11 Antigen-receptor genes are assembled by somatic gene rearrangements of
incomplete receptor gene segments
1.18 Short answer: In the 1970s, immunologists discovered the genetic mechanism allowing
a population of B cells to produce an enormous diversity of different antibodies. At the
time, this discovery shocked the field of biology, as it called into question the ‗immutable‘
nature of DNA, which was known to be the genetic material transmitted from generation
to generation during the propagation of the species. Briefly describe this startling
mechanism.
1-12 Lymphocytes activated by antigen give rise to clones of antigen-specific effector
cells that mediate adaptive immunity
1.19 True/False: For cells of the innate immune system, each individual cell has multiple
pattern recognition receptors, and can recognize many different pathogens. In contrast,
cells of the adaptive immune system each express only a single antigen receptor, and
have a single specificity for pathogen recognition.
1.20 Multiple choice: The clonal selection theory was first proposed in the 1950s, decades
before the molecular details of B and T lymphocyte development and lymphocyte
antigen recognition responses were elucidated. Nonetheless, Burnet, who proposed this
Page 4 of 332
