GMS6419: Medical Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology Exam Questions and Answers | Latest Version 2026 | Graded A+

GMS6419: Medical Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology Exam Questions and Answers | Latest Version 2026 | Graded A+ what are the three components of the endocrine system - answer-endocrine glands hormones target organs/target cells definition of hormones - answer-chemical messengers that are transported by the blood to target cells/organs where they elicit a physiological change what is the function of the endocrine system - answer-to regulate cellular and organ function throughout life and maintain normal body homeostasis the endocrine system regulates: - answer--growth/developmental processes -reproduction -energy balance/metabolism -body temperature -stress responses -sodium/potassium/calcium/phosphate -water and sodium balance -cardiovascular regulation -GI system where are hormones made - answer-by the glandshow are the endocrine and neurocrine systems different - answer-there is no endocrine gland so the hormone is released from the nerve terminal instead where are hormones released in the paracrine and autocrine systems - answer-into the interstitial fluid and then to the receptors on target cells examples of paracrine and autocrine systems - answer-growth factors cytokines neurotransmitters (NTs) what are the major endocrine glands - answer-hypothalamus pituitary gland thyroid gland parathyroid gland adrenal gland pancreas ovaries testes what are the master endocrine glands - answer-hypothalamus pituitary gland hypothalamus hormones - answer-releasing/inhibiting hormones pituitary gland hormones - answer-ACTH TSH GH LH FSHPRL SST AVP OT thyroid gland hormones - answer-T3 T4 CT parathyroid gland hormones - answer-PTH adrenal gland hormones - answer-ALDO CORT EPI NE pancreas hormones - answer-insulin glucagon ovarian hormones - answer-estrogen progesterone inhibin testes hormones - answer-testosterone inhibin what are the three major classes of hormones - answer-proteins/peptides (largest group) steroids/steroid-like molecules tyrosine-derived hormoneswhere are most peptide hormones made - answer-intracellularly steps of making a peptide hormone - answer-starts with DNA mRNA preprohormone (ribosomes) prohormone (endoplasmic reticulum) hormone (golgi bodies) where do peptide hormones go once they are made - answer-stored in secretory/storage granules until they are released characteristics of peptide hormones - answer-hydrophilic (water soluble) usually circulate freely in blood short half-life (rapid metabolism and excretion) bind to membrane receptors at target cell what triggers exocytosis of peptide hormones from cell - answer-Calcium example of a peptide hormone that is synthesized extracellularly - answer-angiotensin II examples of steroids and steroid-like hormones - answer-aldosterone (ALDO) cortisol (CORT) estradiol (E2) progesterone (P) testosterone (T) 1,25 (OH)2D3 (derivative of vitamin D3) what are all steroids/steroid-like hormones derived from - answer-cholesterol