BIOLOGY B ACTUAL EXAM CERTIFICATION
REVIEW 2026 FULL SOLUTION SET
◉ The three subatomic particles that makeup an atom are? Answer:
Protons (positively charged)
Neutrons (uncharged)
Electrons (negatively charged)
◉ What is the circle around the nucleus of the atom? Answer:
Electron shell, which represents the average location of electrons.
◉ Atomic #? Answer: # of protons
◉ Mass #? Answer: The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
◉ To determine the # of neutrons you? Answer: Subtract the # of
protons from the atomic mass, and take the closest whole #.
◉ Isotope? Answer: Same # of protons. Different number of
neutrons.
,◉ Atoms bond with one another to form a chemical unit called?
Answer: Molecule
◉ Atoms with more than one shell are most stable when the outer
most shell also called ? contains eight electrons Answer: Valence
shell.
◉ Ions Answer: Particles that carry either a positive or negative
charge.
◉ Ionic bond Answer: Atoms give or take on an electron or electrons
to achieve a stable valence shell. It is formed when one or more
electrons are transferred from one atom to another. An atom that
loses electrons has a positive charge. An atom that gains an electron
has a negative charge.
◉ Covalent bond? Answer: Atoms share electrons equally.
◉ Polar molecule? Answer: Its a covalent bond in which electrons
are not shared equally because the elements have different
electronegtaives one end is slightly negative and the other is slightly
positive. So they are considered partial charges and denoted by delta
plus and delta minus.
,◉ Hydrogen bond? Answer: The attraction of a partially positive
covalently bonded hydrogen to a partially negative atoms in the
vicinity. Not as strong as a ionic or covalent bond. It is a weak bond
that can break easily. It will bond to anything that is more
electronegative (electron greedy) than it is so it can form a hydrogen
bond.
◉ Molecules that can attract water are said to be? Answer:
Hydrophilic
◉ Molecules that cannot attract water are said to be? Answer:
Hydrophobic
◉ Hydrophilic molecules tend to attract? Answer: other polar
molecules.
◉ Hydrophobic molecules tend to attract other? Answer: non polar
molecules
◉ Example of polar molecules and non polar molecules? Answer: 1.
Water is polar
2. Oils like vegetable oils. Which is why it does not mix well in water.
◉ Cohesion Answer: The ability of water molecules to cling to each
other due to hydrogen bonding
, ◉ Adhesion Answer: Refers to the ability of water molecules to cling
to other polar surfaces. This is a result of water polarity.
◉ Surface tension Answer: caused by the attraction between the
molecules of the liquid by various intermolecular forces.
◉ Acids Answer: Substances that dissociates (proton donor) in
water releasing hydrogen ions (H+)
◉ Bases Answer: Substances that either take up hydrogen ions or
release hydroxide ions (OH-). (proton acceptor).
◉ PH scale? Answer: Indicate the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a
solution.
◉ Buffer? Answer: Controls Ph through dissolved compounds.
Prevents sudden changed in Ph.
◉ Suspension Answer: Mixtures of water and non dissolved
material.
◉ Hydrogen bond is the most specific to? Answer: Water
REVIEW 2026 FULL SOLUTION SET
◉ The three subatomic particles that makeup an atom are? Answer:
Protons (positively charged)
Neutrons (uncharged)
Electrons (negatively charged)
◉ What is the circle around the nucleus of the atom? Answer:
Electron shell, which represents the average location of electrons.
◉ Atomic #? Answer: # of protons
◉ Mass #? Answer: The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
◉ To determine the # of neutrons you? Answer: Subtract the # of
protons from the atomic mass, and take the closest whole #.
◉ Isotope? Answer: Same # of protons. Different number of
neutrons.
,◉ Atoms bond with one another to form a chemical unit called?
Answer: Molecule
◉ Atoms with more than one shell are most stable when the outer
most shell also called ? contains eight electrons Answer: Valence
shell.
◉ Ions Answer: Particles that carry either a positive or negative
charge.
◉ Ionic bond Answer: Atoms give or take on an electron or electrons
to achieve a stable valence shell. It is formed when one or more
electrons are transferred from one atom to another. An atom that
loses electrons has a positive charge. An atom that gains an electron
has a negative charge.
◉ Covalent bond? Answer: Atoms share electrons equally.
◉ Polar molecule? Answer: Its a covalent bond in which electrons
are not shared equally because the elements have different
electronegtaives one end is slightly negative and the other is slightly
positive. So they are considered partial charges and denoted by delta
plus and delta minus.
,◉ Hydrogen bond? Answer: The attraction of a partially positive
covalently bonded hydrogen to a partially negative atoms in the
vicinity. Not as strong as a ionic or covalent bond. It is a weak bond
that can break easily. It will bond to anything that is more
electronegative (electron greedy) than it is so it can form a hydrogen
bond.
◉ Molecules that can attract water are said to be? Answer:
Hydrophilic
◉ Molecules that cannot attract water are said to be? Answer:
Hydrophobic
◉ Hydrophilic molecules tend to attract? Answer: other polar
molecules.
◉ Hydrophobic molecules tend to attract other? Answer: non polar
molecules
◉ Example of polar molecules and non polar molecules? Answer: 1.
Water is polar
2. Oils like vegetable oils. Which is why it does not mix well in water.
◉ Cohesion Answer: The ability of water molecules to cling to each
other due to hydrogen bonding
, ◉ Adhesion Answer: Refers to the ability of water molecules to cling
to other polar surfaces. This is a result of water polarity.
◉ Surface tension Answer: caused by the attraction between the
molecules of the liquid by various intermolecular forces.
◉ Acids Answer: Substances that dissociates (proton donor) in
water releasing hydrogen ions (H+)
◉ Bases Answer: Substances that either take up hydrogen ions or
release hydroxide ions (OH-). (proton acceptor).
◉ PH scale? Answer: Indicate the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a
solution.
◉ Buffer? Answer: Controls Ph through dissolved compounds.
Prevents sudden changed in Ph.
◉ Suspension Answer: Mixtures of water and non dissolved
material.
◉ Hydrogen bond is the most specific to? Answer: Water
