BIOLOGY B ACTUAL EXAM COMPREHENSIVE
TEST 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
◉ how does the 1st law of thermodynamics apply to living
organisms. Answer: - living organisms transform energy from
sunlight --> chemical energy
- cells convert energy by expending it & giving off heat as a by
product
◉ 2nd law of thermodynamics. Answer: the amount of entropy in
the universe is constantly increasing
◉ entropy. Answer: amount of disorder in a system
◉ disorder. Answer: # of states that a system can take on
◉ how does temperature affect entropy?. Answer: higher temp -->
molecules move faster --> more entropy
◉ how does the 2nd law of thermodynamics apply to living
organisms?. Answer: - living organisms are highly organized (takes a
lot of energy to maintain organization)
,- cell is highly organized
- cells give off energy as heat --> movement of molecules in
surrounding environment increases --> entropy of entire system
increases
◉ does a dog or bucket of water have more entropy?. Answer:
bucket of water - less organized, more disorder
◉ how did the scientific method demonstrate that living organisms
come from other living organisms?. Answer: belief of spontaneous
generation --> refuted by Redi's experiment (maggots appearing on
rotting meat) & Pasteur's experiment (microbes in sterilized broth)
◉ covalent bond. Answer: chemical bond resulting from atoms
sharing a pair of electrons
- strongest bond
(ex. H2, methane, ammonia, water)
◉ nonpolar covalent bond. Answer: a covalent bond in which the
electrons are shared equally by the two atoms
(ex. hydrogen gas (H2))
◉ polar covalent bond. Answer: a covalent bond in which electrons
are not shared equally
, - caused by differences in electronegativity among atoms
(ex. H2O)
◉ ionic bond. Answer: chemical bond resulting from the attraction
b/n oppositely charged ions
- extreme differences in electronegativity
(ex. NaCl -- Cl- takes extra electron from Na+)
◉ ions. Answer: positively/negatively charged atoms
(ex. H+)
◉ hydrogen bond. Answer: chemical bond resulting from the
interaction b/n a Hydrogen atom (H+) w/ a slight positive charge &
an electronegative atom of another molecule
(ex. water)
◉ electronegativity. Answer: ability of atoms to attract electrons
- increases across a row in PT
- electrons held more tightly as # protons increase
◉ 3 unusual properties of water. Answer: 1. polar molecule --> good
solvent
2. resistant to temperature change
TEST 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
◉ how does the 1st law of thermodynamics apply to living
organisms. Answer: - living organisms transform energy from
sunlight --> chemical energy
- cells convert energy by expending it & giving off heat as a by
product
◉ 2nd law of thermodynamics. Answer: the amount of entropy in
the universe is constantly increasing
◉ entropy. Answer: amount of disorder in a system
◉ disorder. Answer: # of states that a system can take on
◉ how does temperature affect entropy?. Answer: higher temp -->
molecules move faster --> more entropy
◉ how does the 2nd law of thermodynamics apply to living
organisms?. Answer: - living organisms are highly organized (takes a
lot of energy to maintain organization)
,- cell is highly organized
- cells give off energy as heat --> movement of molecules in
surrounding environment increases --> entropy of entire system
increases
◉ does a dog or bucket of water have more entropy?. Answer:
bucket of water - less organized, more disorder
◉ how did the scientific method demonstrate that living organisms
come from other living organisms?. Answer: belief of spontaneous
generation --> refuted by Redi's experiment (maggots appearing on
rotting meat) & Pasteur's experiment (microbes in sterilized broth)
◉ covalent bond. Answer: chemical bond resulting from atoms
sharing a pair of electrons
- strongest bond
(ex. H2, methane, ammonia, water)
◉ nonpolar covalent bond. Answer: a covalent bond in which the
electrons are shared equally by the two atoms
(ex. hydrogen gas (H2))
◉ polar covalent bond. Answer: a covalent bond in which electrons
are not shared equally
, - caused by differences in electronegativity among atoms
(ex. H2O)
◉ ionic bond. Answer: chemical bond resulting from the attraction
b/n oppositely charged ions
- extreme differences in electronegativity
(ex. NaCl -- Cl- takes extra electron from Na+)
◉ ions. Answer: positively/negatively charged atoms
(ex. H+)
◉ hydrogen bond. Answer: chemical bond resulting from the
interaction b/n a Hydrogen atom (H+) w/ a slight positive charge &
an electronegative atom of another molecule
(ex. water)
◉ electronegativity. Answer: ability of atoms to attract electrons
- increases across a row in PT
- electrons held more tightly as # protons increase
◉ 3 unusual properties of water. Answer: 1. polar molecule --> good
solvent
2. resistant to temperature change
