MN 551 PATHO UNIT 8 QUIZ QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS STUDY GUIDE 2026
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Which clinical manifestation would a nurse find in an individual
diagnosed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection?
Select all that apply.
One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Urinary frequency
Dysuria
Suprapubic pain
Hematuria
Mental status changes. Answer: Urinary frequency
Inflammation of the bladder, urethra, or both causes a sensation of the
need to urinate more frequently.
Dysuria
Dysuria is painful or uncomfortable urination, usually a sharp pain or
burning sensation during urination. Inflammation of the bladder, urethra,
or both caused by UTI leads to dysuria.
Suprapubic pain
,An uncomplicated UTI may cause mild to moderate suprapubic pain,
either in the form of pressure or discomfort.
Hematuria
Hematuria occurs in UTI as result of damage of the basement membrane
of glomeruli caused by the inflammatory processes due to infection.
⩥ Which predisposing factor would cause pyelonephritis?
Select all that apply.
One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Nephroloithiasis
Vesicoureteral reflux
Neurogenic bladder
Instrumentation
Pregnancy. Answer: Nephroloithiasis
Nephrolithiasis, also known as kidney stones, could lead to obstruction
and stasis of urine. This can lead to bacteriuria and hydronephrosis,
which can entrap the bacteria and irritate the epithelial lining.
Vesicoureteral reflux
Vesicoureteral reflux is the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder
back to the ureters and into the kidney during urination. This leads to
pyelonephritis.
,Neurogenic bladder
Neurogenic bladder is the lack of bladder control due to brain, spinal
cord, or nerve problems. Risk of pyelonephritis is due to indwelling
catheter, urinary statis, high bladder pressure, or cystitis among
individuals with neurogenic bladder.
Instrumentation
The use of instruments for diagnostic tests may introduce bacteria into
the ureter or kidneys and cause pyelonephritis.
Pregnancy
Hormonal changes during pregnancy lead to more sugar, protein, and
hormones in the urine, which increases the risk of UTI. Moreover, the
pressure of the growing uterus makes it hard for bladder to empty fully
during micturition, which further increases the risk of pyelonephritis.
⩥ Match the type of glomerular injury with its associated characteristic.
Deposition of antibody-antigen complex in glomerular capillaries
Immune response that causes crescent formation
Presence of circulating autoantibodies and C3 compliment
Glomerular damage by delayed hypersensitivity response. Answer:
Soluble immune-complex glomerulonephritis
, Antiglomerular basement-membrane glomerulonephritis
Alternative compliment pathway
Cell-mediated immunity
⩥ Which factor results in hypoalbumenia in nephrotic syndrome?
Inhibition of lipoprotein synthesis
Albumin is a plasma condenser
Albumin has high plasma concentration
Increased dietary intake of protein. Answer: Loss of albumin in greatest
quantity is attributed to its high plasma concentration and low molecular
weight, which results in increased urinary loss of albumin.
⩥ Which criterion is used to diagnose nephrotic syndrome?
Increase of serum albumin levels
Protein level in 24-hour urine collection is greater than 3.5 g
Decreased serum concentration of cholesterol
Absence of lipiduria. Answer: Increased urinary loss of protein greater
than 3.5 g in a 24-hour urine collection sample leads to the diagnosis of
nephrotic syndrome. It results in hypoalbuminemia and edema in the
body.
⩥ Which intrinsic factor protects an individual from acquiring a urinary
tract infection (UTI)?
High pH of urea
AND ANSWERS STUDY GUIDE 2026
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Which clinical manifestation would a nurse find in an individual
diagnosed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection?
Select all that apply.
One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Urinary frequency
Dysuria
Suprapubic pain
Hematuria
Mental status changes. Answer: Urinary frequency
Inflammation of the bladder, urethra, or both causes a sensation of the
need to urinate more frequently.
Dysuria
Dysuria is painful or uncomfortable urination, usually a sharp pain or
burning sensation during urination. Inflammation of the bladder, urethra,
or both caused by UTI leads to dysuria.
Suprapubic pain
,An uncomplicated UTI may cause mild to moderate suprapubic pain,
either in the form of pressure or discomfort.
Hematuria
Hematuria occurs in UTI as result of damage of the basement membrane
of glomeruli caused by the inflammatory processes due to infection.
⩥ Which predisposing factor would cause pyelonephritis?
Select all that apply.
One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Nephroloithiasis
Vesicoureteral reflux
Neurogenic bladder
Instrumentation
Pregnancy. Answer: Nephroloithiasis
Nephrolithiasis, also known as kidney stones, could lead to obstruction
and stasis of urine. This can lead to bacteriuria and hydronephrosis,
which can entrap the bacteria and irritate the epithelial lining.
Vesicoureteral reflux
Vesicoureteral reflux is the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder
back to the ureters and into the kidney during urination. This leads to
pyelonephritis.
,Neurogenic bladder
Neurogenic bladder is the lack of bladder control due to brain, spinal
cord, or nerve problems. Risk of pyelonephritis is due to indwelling
catheter, urinary statis, high bladder pressure, or cystitis among
individuals with neurogenic bladder.
Instrumentation
The use of instruments for diagnostic tests may introduce bacteria into
the ureter or kidneys and cause pyelonephritis.
Pregnancy
Hormonal changes during pregnancy lead to more sugar, protein, and
hormones in the urine, which increases the risk of UTI. Moreover, the
pressure of the growing uterus makes it hard for bladder to empty fully
during micturition, which further increases the risk of pyelonephritis.
⩥ Match the type of glomerular injury with its associated characteristic.
Deposition of antibody-antigen complex in glomerular capillaries
Immune response that causes crescent formation
Presence of circulating autoantibodies and C3 compliment
Glomerular damage by delayed hypersensitivity response. Answer:
Soluble immune-complex glomerulonephritis
, Antiglomerular basement-membrane glomerulonephritis
Alternative compliment pathway
Cell-mediated immunity
⩥ Which factor results in hypoalbumenia in nephrotic syndrome?
Inhibition of lipoprotein synthesis
Albumin is a plasma condenser
Albumin has high plasma concentration
Increased dietary intake of protein. Answer: Loss of albumin in greatest
quantity is attributed to its high plasma concentration and low molecular
weight, which results in increased urinary loss of albumin.
⩥ Which criterion is used to diagnose nephrotic syndrome?
Increase of serum albumin levels
Protein level in 24-hour urine collection is greater than 3.5 g
Decreased serum concentration of cholesterol
Absence of lipiduria. Answer: Increased urinary loss of protein greater
than 3.5 g in a 24-hour urine collection sample leads to the diagnosis of
nephrotic syndrome. It results in hypoalbuminemia and edema in the
body.
⩥ Which intrinsic factor protects an individual from acquiring a urinary
tract infection (UTI)?
High pH of urea
