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NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026
1. Apoptosis - correct answer- A programmed cell death that is
regulated or programmed. Cellular self-destruction for
elimination or unwanted cell populations
2. Necrosis - correct answer- Rapid loss of the plasma
membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondria
dysfunction
3. What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis
(especially the kidney and heart) - correct answer- hypoxia
4. What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - correct answer- ischemia
5. Main component of a cell - correct answer- nucleus
6. What does the nucleus contain? - correct answer- nucleolus
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7. What is the nucleolus composed of? - correct answer- RNA,
most of cellular DNA, DNA binding proteins, and histones
8. Why are histone important? - correct answer- histones
bind to DNA and fold it into chromosomes (chromatin)
which is essential for cell division
9. What are ribosomes? - correct answer- RNA-protein
complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the
nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in
the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
10. Where can ribosomes be found? - correct answer-
cytoplasm and rough ER
11. what are ribosomes chief function? - correct answer-
provides sits for cellular protein synthesis
12. What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - correct
answer- a network of flatten, smooth membranes and
vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
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13. What does the Golgi apparatus do? - correct answer-
takes proteins from the ER and processes/packages them
into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory
vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
14. What are lysosomes and what do they do? - correct
answer- maintain cellular health by removal of toxic
cellular components, removal of useless organelles,
termination of signal transduction, and signals cellular
adaption
15. How does aging affect lysosomes? - correct answer-
leads to progressive loss of lysosomal efficiency which
declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
16. What functions do lysosomal components integrate?
- correct answer- nutrient abundance, energy levels, and
cell stressors and will translate them into instructions that
regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation
or inactivity
17. What is mitochondria responsible for? - correct
answer- cellular respiration, cellular metabolism , and
energy production
18. What does the inner membrane of mitochondria
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contain? - correct answer- enzymes of the respiratory chain
and are
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NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026
1. Apoptosis - correct answer- A programmed cell death that is
regulated or programmed. Cellular self-destruction for
elimination or unwanted cell populations
2. Necrosis - correct answer- Rapid loss of the plasma
membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondria
dysfunction
3. What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis
(especially the kidney and heart) - correct answer- hypoxia
4. What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - correct answer- ischemia
5. Main component of a cell - correct answer- nucleus
6. What does the nucleus contain? - correct answer- nucleolus
mailto:https://www.stuvia.com/user/Wisdoms
,2 | Page
7. What is the nucleolus composed of? - correct answer- RNA,
most of cellular DNA, DNA binding proteins, and histones
8. Why are histone important? - correct answer- histones
bind to DNA and fold it into chromosomes (chromatin)
which is essential for cell division
9. What are ribosomes? - correct answer- RNA-protein
complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the
nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in
the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
10. Where can ribosomes be found? - correct answer-
cytoplasm and rough ER
11. what are ribosomes chief function? - correct answer-
provides sits for cellular protein synthesis
12. What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - correct
answer- a network of flatten, smooth membranes and
vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
mailto:https://www.stuvia.com/user/Wisdoms
,3 | Page
13. What does the Golgi apparatus do? - correct answer-
takes proteins from the ER and processes/packages them
into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory
vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
14. What are lysosomes and what do they do? - correct
answer- maintain cellular health by removal of toxic
cellular components, removal of useless organelles,
termination of signal transduction, and signals cellular
adaption
15. How does aging affect lysosomes? - correct answer-
leads to progressive loss of lysosomal efficiency which
declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
16. What functions do lysosomal components integrate?
- correct answer- nutrient abundance, energy levels, and
cell stressors and will translate them into instructions that
regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation
or inactivity
17. What is mitochondria responsible for? - correct
answer- cellular respiration, cellular metabolism , and
energy production
18. What does the inner membrane of mitochondria
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, 4 | Page
contain? - correct answer- enzymes of the respiratory chain
and are
mailto:https://www.stuvia.com/user/Wisdoms
