MLS 413 - Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
addison's disease Correct Answers -*target cells/tissues*:
adrenal glands
-*assoc auto-Abs*: Ab to adrenal cells
affinity (antigen-antibody binding) Correct Answers the initial
force of attraction that exists between Fab site on an antibody
molecule and a single epitope on an antigen
-strength of attraction depends on specificity of antibody for
antigen (ex: cross reacting antigens have lower affinity)
agglutination Correct Answers visible aggregation of particles
resulting from combination with specific antibodies
-two step process: sensitization and lattice formation
-*sensitization*: antigen and antibody unite through binding of
antigenic determinant sites (fast and reversible)
-*lattice formation*: visble aggregates form as multiple antigen
and antibody molecules bind to create a stable lattice
-produced by antibodies called *agglutinins*
agglutination inhibition Correct Answers an agglutination rxn
based on competition between antigen-coated particles and
soluble patient antigens for a limited number of antibody-
combining sites
-lack of agglutination is a positive test result
-used to detect hapten antigens (illicit drugs)
allergen specific IgE testing Correct Answers used to detect IgE
to a specific allergen in patient serum
,-test: pt serum IgE reacts with antigen attached to solid phase.
labeled anti-IgE is added and allowed to react with allergen-
specific IgE, substrate is added to produce a visible reaction
-type I
anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (Goodpasture's
syndrome) Correct Answers -*target cells/tissues*: kidneys,
lungs
-*assoc auto-Abs*: Ab to an Ag in the renal and pulmonary
basement membranes
arthus reaction Correct Answers local reaction seen in the skin
after subcutaneous or intradermal injection of an antigenic
substance
-sometimes seen following booster injections with tetanus,
dephtheria, or measles vaccine
-type III
ataxia telangiectasia (AT) Correct Answers rare autosomal
recessive syndrome (category 2)
-*ataxia*: involuntary muscle movements
-*telangiectasia*: capillary swelling and red blotches on skin
-*deficiency*: reduced IgG2, IgA, IgA, and T lymphs
-*level of defect*: DNA instability
-*presentation*: infancy with involuntary muscle movements
and capillary swelling
autoimmune hemolytic anemia (table 15-4) Correct Answers -
*target cells/tissues*: RBCs
-*assoc auto-Abs*: Ab to RBCs
,autoimmune hemolytic anemia Correct Answers group of
disorders caused when the immune system misidentifies red
blood cells (RBCs) as foreign and creates autoantibodies that
attack them
-warm reactive Abs react at 37 Celcius and are IgG
-type II
autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) Correct Answers -*target
cells/tissues*: liver
-*AIH-1 Abs*: smooth muscle Abs and ANAs
-*AIH-2 Abs*: anti-liver kidney microsomal Ab (anti-LKM-1)
and anti-liver cytosol type 1 Ab (anti-LC-1)
autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura Correct Answers -
*target cells/tissues*: platelets
-*assoc auto-Abs*: anti-platelet Ab
avidity (antigen-antibody binding) Correct Answers sum of
attractive forces between an antigen and antibody; the strength
with which a multivalent antibody binds a multivalent antigen
capture immunoassay Correct Answers Ag in the test sample
binds to Ab attached to solid phase. after incubation, enzyme
labeled Ab is added and binds to the Ag. After addition of
substrate a colored or chemiluminescent reaction product is
detected
-all pt Ag is allowed to bind
-amount of label is directly proportional to the amount of pt Ag
present
-best suited for Ag that have multiple determinants (cytokines,
proteins, tumor markers, etc)
, CD4 T cell enumeration (HIV) Correct Answers -CD4 T cell
numbers are the best indicator of immune function in HIV
infected individuals
-incubate peripheral blood with fluorescent-labeled anti-CD4
and analyze results by flow cytometry
-in untreated pts CD4 T cell number declines progressively and
CD4 T:CD8 T cell ratio is less than 1:1
-*AIDS*: CD4 T cell count of less than 200/microliter
-a significant decline in CD4 T cell count over time may
indicate a need to change ART or administer prophylactic
therapy for certain infections
celiac disease Correct Answers -*target cells/tissues*: small
intestine and other organs
-*assoc auto-Abs*: anti-transglutaminase (tTG), Abs to
deamidated gliadin peptides (DGPs), endomysial Abs
characteristics of HIV Correct Answers * Retrovirus
* Contains two copies of ssRNA
* Reverse transcriptase transcribes the viral. RNA into DNA
* Surrounded by protein coat (capsid)
* Outer envelope of glycoproteins embedded in lipid bilayer
chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) Correct Answers group
of disorders inherited as X-link recessive or autosomal recessive
-neutrophils are unable to generate oxidative burst so there is a
genetic defect in component of the NADPH oxidase system and
decrease killing of catalase plus organisms
-lab detection via NBT test and DHR assay (show less
florescence than normal)
addison's disease Correct Answers -*target cells/tissues*:
adrenal glands
-*assoc auto-Abs*: Ab to adrenal cells
affinity (antigen-antibody binding) Correct Answers the initial
force of attraction that exists between Fab site on an antibody
molecule and a single epitope on an antigen
-strength of attraction depends on specificity of antibody for
antigen (ex: cross reacting antigens have lower affinity)
agglutination Correct Answers visible aggregation of particles
resulting from combination with specific antibodies
-two step process: sensitization and lattice formation
-*sensitization*: antigen and antibody unite through binding of
antigenic determinant sites (fast and reversible)
-*lattice formation*: visble aggregates form as multiple antigen
and antibody molecules bind to create a stable lattice
-produced by antibodies called *agglutinins*
agglutination inhibition Correct Answers an agglutination rxn
based on competition between antigen-coated particles and
soluble patient antigens for a limited number of antibody-
combining sites
-lack of agglutination is a positive test result
-used to detect hapten antigens (illicit drugs)
allergen specific IgE testing Correct Answers used to detect IgE
to a specific allergen in patient serum
,-test: pt serum IgE reacts with antigen attached to solid phase.
labeled anti-IgE is added and allowed to react with allergen-
specific IgE, substrate is added to produce a visible reaction
-type I
anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (Goodpasture's
syndrome) Correct Answers -*target cells/tissues*: kidneys,
lungs
-*assoc auto-Abs*: Ab to an Ag in the renal and pulmonary
basement membranes
arthus reaction Correct Answers local reaction seen in the skin
after subcutaneous or intradermal injection of an antigenic
substance
-sometimes seen following booster injections with tetanus,
dephtheria, or measles vaccine
-type III
ataxia telangiectasia (AT) Correct Answers rare autosomal
recessive syndrome (category 2)
-*ataxia*: involuntary muscle movements
-*telangiectasia*: capillary swelling and red blotches on skin
-*deficiency*: reduced IgG2, IgA, IgA, and T lymphs
-*level of defect*: DNA instability
-*presentation*: infancy with involuntary muscle movements
and capillary swelling
autoimmune hemolytic anemia (table 15-4) Correct Answers -
*target cells/tissues*: RBCs
-*assoc auto-Abs*: Ab to RBCs
,autoimmune hemolytic anemia Correct Answers group of
disorders caused when the immune system misidentifies red
blood cells (RBCs) as foreign and creates autoantibodies that
attack them
-warm reactive Abs react at 37 Celcius and are IgG
-type II
autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) Correct Answers -*target
cells/tissues*: liver
-*AIH-1 Abs*: smooth muscle Abs and ANAs
-*AIH-2 Abs*: anti-liver kidney microsomal Ab (anti-LKM-1)
and anti-liver cytosol type 1 Ab (anti-LC-1)
autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura Correct Answers -
*target cells/tissues*: platelets
-*assoc auto-Abs*: anti-platelet Ab
avidity (antigen-antibody binding) Correct Answers sum of
attractive forces between an antigen and antibody; the strength
with which a multivalent antibody binds a multivalent antigen
capture immunoassay Correct Answers Ag in the test sample
binds to Ab attached to solid phase. after incubation, enzyme
labeled Ab is added and binds to the Ag. After addition of
substrate a colored or chemiluminescent reaction product is
detected
-all pt Ag is allowed to bind
-amount of label is directly proportional to the amount of pt Ag
present
-best suited for Ag that have multiple determinants (cytokines,
proteins, tumor markers, etc)
, CD4 T cell enumeration (HIV) Correct Answers -CD4 T cell
numbers are the best indicator of immune function in HIV
infected individuals
-incubate peripheral blood with fluorescent-labeled anti-CD4
and analyze results by flow cytometry
-in untreated pts CD4 T cell number declines progressively and
CD4 T:CD8 T cell ratio is less than 1:1
-*AIDS*: CD4 T cell count of less than 200/microliter
-a significant decline in CD4 T cell count over time may
indicate a need to change ART or administer prophylactic
therapy for certain infections
celiac disease Correct Answers -*target cells/tissues*: small
intestine and other organs
-*assoc auto-Abs*: anti-transglutaminase (tTG), Abs to
deamidated gliadin peptides (DGPs), endomysial Abs
characteristics of HIV Correct Answers * Retrovirus
* Contains two copies of ssRNA
* Reverse transcriptase transcribes the viral. RNA into DNA
* Surrounded by protein coat (capsid)
* Outer envelope of glycoproteins embedded in lipid bilayer
chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) Correct Answers group
of disorders inherited as X-link recessive or autosomal recessive
-neutrophils are unable to generate oxidative burst so there is a
genetic defect in component of the NADPH oxidase system and
decrease killing of catalase plus organisms
-lab detection via NBT test and DHR assay (show less
florescence than normal)
