PORTAGE MICROBIOLOGY EXAM 3
GRADED A COMPREHENSIVE SCRIPT 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ Microaerophilic. Answer: they prefer less O2 than the level of O2 in
the atmospheric
⩥ Inclusions. Answer: - Usually for storage
- Metachromatic Granules: phosphate reserve
- Lipid Inclusions: energy reserves
Sulfur Granules: energy reserves
⩥ Pilus (pili). Answer: - Sex pili are used for conjugation in certain
species
Conjugation: the process of using the poli as a bridge to move the DNA
between two cells
⩥ Fimbriae. Answer: - Hairlike appendages that allow for attachment
Not like flagella
⩥ Glycocalyx. Answer: - External to the cell wall
,- Viscous and gelantinous
- Made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptide
- Two Types:
- Capsule: very well organized and firm, also prevent phagocytosis
- Slime Layer: loose and not organized at all
Helps form biofilms
⩥ Flagella. Answer: - Appendages external of the cell
- Propel the bacteria
- Made of 3 parts:
- Filament: outermost region
- Hook: attaches to the filament
- Basal Body: consist of rod and pairs of rings, anchors flagellum to the
cell wall and membrane
- Gram Positive: 2 rings
- Gram negative: 4 rings
- How they change directions:
- Clockwise: Tumble
- Counter Clockwise: Run
⩥ Cilia. Answer: -Very different from flagella
, -It is just used for minor motility not near the movement that flagella
produces
⩥ Cytoplasm. Answer: -"Guts" of the cell
- 80% of water makes up the entirety of the cytoplasm as well as some
proteins, carbohydrates lipids, and other things
⩥ Nucleoid. Answer: - no nuclear membrane
- usually single (haploid)
- usually circular
- double stranded DNA
divided by binary fission
⩥ Plasmids. Answer: - extrachromosomal genetic elements (will never
find in the nucleus)
- carry non-crucial genes
- can be used for transfer of anti-microbial resistance
reduce toxins
⩥ Ribosomes. Answer: - Site of protein synthesis
- 70S in prokaryotes
- 80S in eukarayotes
- main production is protein synthesis
GRADED A COMPREHENSIVE SCRIPT 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ Microaerophilic. Answer: they prefer less O2 than the level of O2 in
the atmospheric
⩥ Inclusions. Answer: - Usually for storage
- Metachromatic Granules: phosphate reserve
- Lipid Inclusions: energy reserves
Sulfur Granules: energy reserves
⩥ Pilus (pili). Answer: - Sex pili are used for conjugation in certain
species
Conjugation: the process of using the poli as a bridge to move the DNA
between two cells
⩥ Fimbriae. Answer: - Hairlike appendages that allow for attachment
Not like flagella
⩥ Glycocalyx. Answer: - External to the cell wall
,- Viscous and gelantinous
- Made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptide
- Two Types:
- Capsule: very well organized and firm, also prevent phagocytosis
- Slime Layer: loose and not organized at all
Helps form biofilms
⩥ Flagella. Answer: - Appendages external of the cell
- Propel the bacteria
- Made of 3 parts:
- Filament: outermost region
- Hook: attaches to the filament
- Basal Body: consist of rod and pairs of rings, anchors flagellum to the
cell wall and membrane
- Gram Positive: 2 rings
- Gram negative: 4 rings
- How they change directions:
- Clockwise: Tumble
- Counter Clockwise: Run
⩥ Cilia. Answer: -Very different from flagella
, -It is just used for minor motility not near the movement that flagella
produces
⩥ Cytoplasm. Answer: -"Guts" of the cell
- 80% of water makes up the entirety of the cytoplasm as well as some
proteins, carbohydrates lipids, and other things
⩥ Nucleoid. Answer: - no nuclear membrane
- usually single (haploid)
- usually circular
- double stranded DNA
divided by binary fission
⩥ Plasmids. Answer: - extrachromosomal genetic elements (will never
find in the nucleus)
- carry non-crucial genes
- can be used for transfer of anti-microbial resistance
reduce toxins
⩥ Ribosomes. Answer: - Site of protein synthesis
- 70S in prokaryotes
- 80S in eukarayotes
- main production is protein synthesis
