Med-Surg Exam Review UPDATED
coronary artery disease (CAD) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔disease of the arteries
surrounding the heart; usually the result of atherosclerosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology of CAD: - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Atherosclerosis is
characterized by lipid deposits within the intima, the innermost layer of the
arterial wall. A layer of endothelial cells lines the intima to provide a barrier
between blood and the arterial wall. The endothelium is normally
nonreactive to platelets and leukocytes, as well as coagulation, fibrinolytic,
and complement factors. Endothelial injury and inflammation play a key
role in developing atherosclerosis. Damage to the endothelial lining can
result from tobacco use, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, toxins, diabetes,
inflammation, and infection (Fig. 37.1A).3C-reactive protein (CRP) is a
, nonspecific marker of inflammation made by the liver. CRP levels rise when
there is systemic inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory
bowel disease. It may also be increased in CAD. Lipoprotein(a) is a type of
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) attached to a protein called apo(a).
Homocysteine is made by the breakdown of the essential amino acid
methionine, found in diet protein. High lipoprotein(a) and homocysteine
levels may contribute to atherosclerosis by (1) damaging the inner lining of
blood vessels, (2) promoting plaque buildup, and (3) changing the clotting
mechanism to make clots more likely to occur. Although elevation of any of
these levels may increase the risk for development of CAD, they are not
part of a routine risk assessment for CAD. They can be used in patients
with an intermediate or high-risk suspicion of CAD.4
Atherosclerosis Stages: - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. Endothelial injury (chemical or
mechanical)
2. fatty streak (an accumulation of foam cells)
3. fibrous plaque (smooth muscle forms a cap)
4. complicated lesion (activated platelets adhere)
Modifiable risk factors for CAD - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-Hypertension
coronary artery disease (CAD) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔disease of the arteries
surrounding the heart; usually the result of atherosclerosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology of CAD: - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Atherosclerosis is
characterized by lipid deposits within the intima, the innermost layer of the
arterial wall. A layer of endothelial cells lines the intima to provide a barrier
between blood and the arterial wall. The endothelium is normally
nonreactive to platelets and leukocytes, as well as coagulation, fibrinolytic,
and complement factors. Endothelial injury and inflammation play a key
role in developing atherosclerosis. Damage to the endothelial lining can
result from tobacco use, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, toxins, diabetes,
inflammation, and infection (Fig. 37.1A).3C-reactive protein (CRP) is a
, nonspecific marker of inflammation made by the liver. CRP levels rise when
there is systemic inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory
bowel disease. It may also be increased in CAD. Lipoprotein(a) is a type of
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) attached to a protein called apo(a).
Homocysteine is made by the breakdown of the essential amino acid
methionine, found in diet protein. High lipoprotein(a) and homocysteine
levels may contribute to atherosclerosis by (1) damaging the inner lining of
blood vessels, (2) promoting plaque buildup, and (3) changing the clotting
mechanism to make clots more likely to occur. Although elevation of any of
these levels may increase the risk for development of CAD, they are not
part of a routine risk assessment for CAD. They can be used in patients
with an intermediate or high-risk suspicion of CAD.4
Atherosclerosis Stages: - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. Endothelial injury (chemical or
mechanical)
2. fatty streak (an accumulation of foam cells)
3. fibrous plaque (smooth muscle forms a cap)
4. complicated lesion (activated platelets adhere)
Modifiable risk factors for CAD - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-Hypertension
