AP 102 FINAL EXAM IVY TECH UPDATED
2026 ANATOMY AND PHILOSOPHY VERIFIED
200 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Who regulates pituitary gland secretion? - CORRECT ANSWER -
hypothalamus
What is a hormone and how does it act? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are
secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues,
which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. - CORRECT ANSWER -
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert
noncarbohydrates into glucose and it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of
noncarbohydrates into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through
adipose and muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration
and promotes transport of amino acids into cells, as well as enhances synthesis
of proteins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks
down glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
How are pheromones different than hormones? - CORRECT ANSWER -is
a chemical signal sent between members of the same species. Are a type of
hormone that are released in small quantities and play a big role in physical
attraction between people.
How is inhibin used in the body? - CORRECT ANSWER -Inhibits the
anterior pituitary gland by negative feedback. This action prevents over
,secretion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes and ovaries. FSH is
secreted by anterior pituitary gland. It is a glycoprotein hormone.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands. -
CORRECT ANSWER -Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but
affect only neighboring cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the
bloodstream and act on target cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
Describe steroid hormones. - CORRECT ANSWER -Sex hormones and
adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and
enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which
together bind to DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA
enters the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins
produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe tropic hormones. - CORRECT ANSWER -They stimulate the
activity of endocrine glands than those secreting them.
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. - CORRECT
ANSWER -Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH.
CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC
count is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually
130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
,How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? -
CORRECT ANSWER -Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh
antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to
fight Rh-positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh
positive, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby
to develop erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the
plasma? How do these create different blood types? - CORRECT ANSWER
-Type A blood has A antigens on its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its
plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its
plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies
in its plasma. (It is the universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but has both anti-A and anti-B
antibodies in its plasma. (It is the universal donor).
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins. - CORRECT ANSWER
-Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Compare the formed elements of the blood. - CORRECT ANSWER -RBCs,
WBCs, and platelets all act together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to
the body's tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds
that occur.
, Describe the steps in clot formation. - CORRECT ANSWER -Hemostasis -
the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed
collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types? - CORRECT
ANSWER -O+ give to: O+, A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC and platelets? -
CORRECT ANSWER -4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
2026 ANATOMY AND PHILOSOPHY VERIFIED
200 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Who regulates pituitary gland secretion? - CORRECT ANSWER -
hypothalamus
What is a hormone and how does it act? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are
secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues,
which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. - CORRECT ANSWER -
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert
noncarbohydrates into glucose and it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of
noncarbohydrates into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through
adipose and muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration
and promotes transport of amino acids into cells, as well as enhances synthesis
of proteins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks
down glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
How are pheromones different than hormones? - CORRECT ANSWER -is
a chemical signal sent between members of the same species. Are a type of
hormone that are released in small quantities and play a big role in physical
attraction between people.
How is inhibin used in the body? - CORRECT ANSWER -Inhibits the
anterior pituitary gland by negative feedback. This action prevents over
,secretion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes and ovaries. FSH is
secreted by anterior pituitary gland. It is a glycoprotein hormone.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands. -
CORRECT ANSWER -Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but
affect only neighboring cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the
bloodstream and act on target cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
Describe steroid hormones. - CORRECT ANSWER -Sex hormones and
adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and
enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which
together bind to DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA
enters the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins
produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe tropic hormones. - CORRECT ANSWER -They stimulate the
activity of endocrine glands than those secreting them.
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. - CORRECT
ANSWER -Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH.
CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC
count is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually
130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
,How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? -
CORRECT ANSWER -Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh
antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to
fight Rh-positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh
positive, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby
to develop erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the
plasma? How do these create different blood types? - CORRECT ANSWER
-Type A blood has A antigens on its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its
plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its
plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies
in its plasma. (It is the universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but has both anti-A and anti-B
antibodies in its plasma. (It is the universal donor).
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins. - CORRECT ANSWER
-Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Compare the formed elements of the blood. - CORRECT ANSWER -RBCs,
WBCs, and platelets all act together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to
the body's tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds
that occur.
, Describe the steps in clot formation. - CORRECT ANSWER -Hemostasis -
the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed
collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types? - CORRECT
ANSWER -O+ give to: O+, A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC and platelets? -
CORRECT ANSWER -4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
