Patho exam 1 module 3 Questions With Complete Solutions
Define infectivity. Correct Answers The ease with which an
organism can infect a host.
Define superinfection. Correct Answers A secondary infection
that occurs after an initial infection, often caused by a different
microbial agent.
How can allergen avoidance impact atopy development? Correct
Answers Avoidance may prevent the development of atopy,
especially early in life.
How can pathogens use the immune system to their advantage?
Correct Answers Some pathogens can use immune cells as host
cells to avoid destruction.
How do antibodies neutralize pathogens? Correct Answers By
binding to antigens and preventing them from infecting cells.
How do chlamydiae reproduce? Correct Answers Through
binary fission as obligate intracellular parasites
How do resident flora protect the body? Correct Answers They
compete with disease-causing microorganisms to provide natural
immunity.
How do viruses replicate within host cells? Correct Answers By
binding to specific receptors and utilizing the host's cellular
mechanisms.
,How does maternal blood circulation interact with fetal blood
circulation? Correct Answers They do not mix; maternal blood
circulates through the placenta, providing nutrients and oxygen.
How does the immune system respond to HIV-infected cells?
Correct Answers CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill HIV-
infected cells, while CD4 TH1 lymphocytes help coordinate the
immune response.
How does the prevalence of food allergies change with age?
Correct Answers Food allergy incidence declines with
advancing age.
How is HIV primarily transmitted? Correct Answers Through
sexual contact, blood contamination, and perinatally.
How is maternal sensitization risk determined during prenatal
care? Correct Answers By screening maternal blood for Rh type
and antibodies to the D antigen.
List three risk factors for altered immunity. Correct Answers
Diabetes, high BMI, excessive age (over 60).
What are aerobic bacteria? Correct Answers Bacteria that
require oxygen for growth.
What are AIDS-defining cancers? Correct Answers Kaposi
sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which are associated with
advanced HIV infection.
,What are anaerobic bacteria? Correct Answers Bacteria that do
not require oxygen for growth.
What are clusters of differentiation (CDs)? Correct Answers
Membrane molecules that help identify specific T cell subtypes
and their functions.
What are common autoantibodies found in SLE? Correct
Answers Antiphospholipid, anticytoplasmic, and antinuclear
antibodies.
What are common examples of allergens? Correct Answers
Environmental substances like pollen, dust, and certain food
products.
What are common methods used in allergy testing? Correct
Answers Scratch/prick skin test, intradermal skin test, skin
patch test, measurement of serum IgE, and elimination diet.
What are common neurocognitive issues among individuals
infected with HIV? Correct Answers Neurocognitive
impairment, anxiety, and depression.
What are common opportunistic infections associated with
AIDS? Correct Answers Fungal infections and Pneumocystis
jirovecii pneumonia.
What are common sites of damage from type III immune
complex reactions? Correct Answers Kidney glomeruli, small
blood vessels in the skin, and synovial lining of joints.
, What are common symptoms of insect sting allergies? Correct
Answers Cutaneous reactions such as swelling, itching, and
redness; potential for severe systemic reactions.
What are common systemic manifestations of infection? Correct
Answers Fever, weakness, headache, malaise, anorexia, and
nausea.
What are communicable diseases? Correct Answers Infections
spread from person to person, often through contact with
infected blood and body fluids
What are cytotoxic T lymphocytes also known as? Correct
Answers CD8 T lymphocytes.
What are cytotoxic T lymphocytes responsible for? Correct
Answers They detect and kill infected cells before viral
replication is complete.
What are dendritic cells critical for? Correct Answers
Processing and displaying antigens to T lymphocytes.
What are disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
used for? Correct Answers To delay the progress and resulting
damage in diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
What are endospores? Correct Answers Tough resistant
structures produced by some bacteria that can survive in a latent
state.
Define infectivity. Correct Answers The ease with which an
organism can infect a host.
Define superinfection. Correct Answers A secondary infection
that occurs after an initial infection, often caused by a different
microbial agent.
How can allergen avoidance impact atopy development? Correct
Answers Avoidance may prevent the development of atopy,
especially early in life.
How can pathogens use the immune system to their advantage?
Correct Answers Some pathogens can use immune cells as host
cells to avoid destruction.
How do antibodies neutralize pathogens? Correct Answers By
binding to antigens and preventing them from infecting cells.
How do chlamydiae reproduce? Correct Answers Through
binary fission as obligate intracellular parasites
How do resident flora protect the body? Correct Answers They
compete with disease-causing microorganisms to provide natural
immunity.
How do viruses replicate within host cells? Correct Answers By
binding to specific receptors and utilizing the host's cellular
mechanisms.
,How does maternal blood circulation interact with fetal blood
circulation? Correct Answers They do not mix; maternal blood
circulates through the placenta, providing nutrients and oxygen.
How does the immune system respond to HIV-infected cells?
Correct Answers CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill HIV-
infected cells, while CD4 TH1 lymphocytes help coordinate the
immune response.
How does the prevalence of food allergies change with age?
Correct Answers Food allergy incidence declines with
advancing age.
How is HIV primarily transmitted? Correct Answers Through
sexual contact, blood contamination, and perinatally.
How is maternal sensitization risk determined during prenatal
care? Correct Answers By screening maternal blood for Rh type
and antibodies to the D antigen.
List three risk factors for altered immunity. Correct Answers
Diabetes, high BMI, excessive age (over 60).
What are aerobic bacteria? Correct Answers Bacteria that
require oxygen for growth.
What are AIDS-defining cancers? Correct Answers Kaposi
sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which are associated with
advanced HIV infection.
,What are anaerobic bacteria? Correct Answers Bacteria that do
not require oxygen for growth.
What are clusters of differentiation (CDs)? Correct Answers
Membrane molecules that help identify specific T cell subtypes
and their functions.
What are common autoantibodies found in SLE? Correct
Answers Antiphospholipid, anticytoplasmic, and antinuclear
antibodies.
What are common examples of allergens? Correct Answers
Environmental substances like pollen, dust, and certain food
products.
What are common methods used in allergy testing? Correct
Answers Scratch/prick skin test, intradermal skin test, skin
patch test, measurement of serum IgE, and elimination diet.
What are common neurocognitive issues among individuals
infected with HIV? Correct Answers Neurocognitive
impairment, anxiety, and depression.
What are common opportunistic infections associated with
AIDS? Correct Answers Fungal infections and Pneumocystis
jirovecii pneumonia.
What are common sites of damage from type III immune
complex reactions? Correct Answers Kidney glomeruli, small
blood vessels in the skin, and synovial lining of joints.
, What are common symptoms of insect sting allergies? Correct
Answers Cutaneous reactions such as swelling, itching, and
redness; potential for severe systemic reactions.
What are common systemic manifestations of infection? Correct
Answers Fever, weakness, headache, malaise, anorexia, and
nausea.
What are communicable diseases? Correct Answers Infections
spread from person to person, often through contact with
infected blood and body fluids
What are cytotoxic T lymphocytes also known as? Correct
Answers CD8 T lymphocytes.
What are cytotoxic T lymphocytes responsible for? Correct
Answers They detect and kill infected cells before viral
replication is complete.
What are dendritic cells critical for? Correct Answers
Processing and displaying antigens to T lymphocytes.
What are disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
used for? Correct Answers To delay the progress and resulting
damage in diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
What are endospores? Correct Answers Tough resistant
structures produced by some bacteria that can survive in a latent
state.
