SOCIOLOGY CLEP UPDATED TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔A term used by Max Weber to refer to a group of people who have a similar level of
wealth and income. - ✔✔Class
✔✔In Karl Marx's view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding
their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about
social change. - ✔✔Class consciousness
✔✔Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of
production. - ✔✔Bourgeoisie
✔✔A Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the United States as a
manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism. - ✔✔Exploitation theory
✔✔A term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that
does not accurately reflect its objective position. - ✔✔False consciousness
✔✔A term coined by Robert N. Butler to refer to prejudice and discrimination against the
elderly. - ✔✔Ageism
✔✔A theory developed by Robert Merton that explains deviance as an adaptation either
of socially prescribed goals or of the norms governing their attainment, or both. -
✔✔Anomie theory of deviance
✔✔A functionalist theory of aging introduced by Cumming and Henry that contends that
society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships. -
✔✔Disengagement theory
✔✔A sociological approach that emphasizes the way that parts of a society are
structured to maintain its stability. - ✔✔Functionalist perspective
✔✔An element or a process of society that may disrupt a social system or lead to a
decrease in stability. - ✔✔Dysfunction
✔✔Talcott Parsons's functionalist view of society as tending toward a state of stability or
balance. - ✔✔Equilibrium model
✔✔Culture - ✔✔The totality of learned, socially transmitted behavior.
✔✔Culture lag - ✔✔Ogburn's term for a period of maladjustment during which the
nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions.
,✔✔What is common to all societies - ✔✔Cultural universals: Examples include cooking,
toolmaking, medicine, housing, and music.
✔✔sociology - ✔✔the scientific study between society and human behavior
✔✔society - ✔✔a group of people who share a culture and a territory
✔✔sociological perspective - ✔✔1. seeing the general in the particular
2. seeing the strange in the familiar
✔✔C. Wright Mills - ✔✔Defined sociological imagination as something we need if we
are to understand ourselves in relation to society
✔✔The three sociological perspectives, or paradigms, or three primary theoretical
frameworks. - ✔✔1. Symbolic Interactionism
2. Functionalism or Functional analysis
3. Conflict theory
✔✔Emile Durkheim - ✔✔-capitalism makes us richer but sad
-France was getting richer, but the economic system was driving them to suicide
-Suicide: the book - suicide shoots up when a country adopts industrialism
-5 factors:
1. individualism: people used to have a set path, but now they choose everything
2. excessive hope: everyone can become a boss (envy)
3. too much freedom: capitalism has undermined social norms- not so much in common
anymore
4. atheism: religion was important and capitalism has nothing to replace it with
5. weakening of the nation and of the family: today, families are not as stable. they
aren't expected to work with them, same social circle, etc. (not the feeling of belonging)
✔✔Functionalism or Functional analysis - ✔✔analysis
is based on the writings of Emile Durkheim and Herbert Spencer and is based on
looking at things from the perspective that everything, whether apparently good or bad,
serves some kind of function.
✔✔Durkheim developed the concept of what during his analysis of the division of
labour? - ✔✔social solidarity
✔✔What are the two types of social solidarity? - ✔✔mechanical solidarity and organic
solidarity
✔✔Books Durkheim publised - ✔✔The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, Suicide: A
Study of Sociology
, ✔✔A theory developed by Robert Merton that explains deviance as an adaptation either
of socially prescribed goals or of the norms governing their attainment, or both. -
✔✔Anomie theory of deviance
✔✔Robert Merton - ✔✔-middle range theory : pushed boundaries
-Anomie theory of deviance: A theory developed by Robert Merton that explains
deviance as an adaptation either of socially prescribed goals or of the norms governing
their attainment, or both.
-Change from folk traits (small, isolated, no division of labor, intensely religious,
ascriptive status) to urban traits (the opposite). He hated these changes
✔✔Karl Marx - ✔✔-hates capitalism, was a communist
probelms: modern work is alienated: workers need to see themselves in the work they
create, not anymore(specialized jobs now); modern fork leaves to alienation: feeling of
disconnect; modern work is insecure: factory people can be easily replaced; workers get
paid little while capitalists get rich: shrink workers wage to make greater profit
(profit=exploitation); capitalism is unstable: crisis are caused by producing too much,
crisis of abundance; unemployment=freedom (positive); capitalism is bad for capitalist:
marriage was an extension of business. capitalism put money first (commodity
fetishism); communist manifesto; friends with Engles;
-political theory:
✔✔Max Webber - ✔✔-explains capitalism
-why does capitalism exist: he says a set of ideas (religious: Protestant: Calvinism) he
says Protestantism makes you feel guilty, you can not repent by a priest and be forgiven
-god likes hard work: (Protestant work ethic) they work all the time
-all work is holy: they say the work of any kind can be in the name of god (baker)
-its community not family that counts: its all about the community
-no miracles: acting honestly, being rewarded, they turned to science instead.
-people became capitalists bc of religion
-3 types of power: traditional authority (kings), charismatic (heroic individual
(Napoleon)), beuratocratical (knowledge)
✔✔Elliot Liebow - ✔✔-His works include Tally's Corner and Tell Them Who I Am, both
being micro-sociological writings shaped as participant observer studies of people in
poor areas.
-- A study of negro street corner men.
- One of the first studies to apply participant observation method to population within our
own society.
- Liebow accompanied negro street corner men to bars and parties, court appearances
and jail visits from downtown Washington DC.
- Revealed numerous obstacles facing black men on a daily basis. Including structural
and individual levels of racial discrimination propaganda by whites in society.
- Complex system compromised of over abundance of liquor stores, pool halls, and
pawn shops.
AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔A term used by Max Weber to refer to a group of people who have a similar level of
wealth and income. - ✔✔Class
✔✔In Karl Marx's view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding
their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about
social change. - ✔✔Class consciousness
✔✔Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of
production. - ✔✔Bourgeoisie
✔✔A Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the United States as a
manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism. - ✔✔Exploitation theory
✔✔A term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that
does not accurately reflect its objective position. - ✔✔False consciousness
✔✔A term coined by Robert N. Butler to refer to prejudice and discrimination against the
elderly. - ✔✔Ageism
✔✔A theory developed by Robert Merton that explains deviance as an adaptation either
of socially prescribed goals or of the norms governing their attainment, or both. -
✔✔Anomie theory of deviance
✔✔A functionalist theory of aging introduced by Cumming and Henry that contends that
society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships. -
✔✔Disengagement theory
✔✔A sociological approach that emphasizes the way that parts of a society are
structured to maintain its stability. - ✔✔Functionalist perspective
✔✔An element or a process of society that may disrupt a social system or lead to a
decrease in stability. - ✔✔Dysfunction
✔✔Talcott Parsons's functionalist view of society as tending toward a state of stability or
balance. - ✔✔Equilibrium model
✔✔Culture - ✔✔The totality of learned, socially transmitted behavior.
✔✔Culture lag - ✔✔Ogburn's term for a period of maladjustment during which the
nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions.
,✔✔What is common to all societies - ✔✔Cultural universals: Examples include cooking,
toolmaking, medicine, housing, and music.
✔✔sociology - ✔✔the scientific study between society and human behavior
✔✔society - ✔✔a group of people who share a culture and a territory
✔✔sociological perspective - ✔✔1. seeing the general in the particular
2. seeing the strange in the familiar
✔✔C. Wright Mills - ✔✔Defined sociological imagination as something we need if we
are to understand ourselves in relation to society
✔✔The three sociological perspectives, or paradigms, or three primary theoretical
frameworks. - ✔✔1. Symbolic Interactionism
2. Functionalism or Functional analysis
3. Conflict theory
✔✔Emile Durkheim - ✔✔-capitalism makes us richer but sad
-France was getting richer, but the economic system was driving them to suicide
-Suicide: the book - suicide shoots up when a country adopts industrialism
-5 factors:
1. individualism: people used to have a set path, but now they choose everything
2. excessive hope: everyone can become a boss (envy)
3. too much freedom: capitalism has undermined social norms- not so much in common
anymore
4. atheism: religion was important and capitalism has nothing to replace it with
5. weakening of the nation and of the family: today, families are not as stable. they
aren't expected to work with them, same social circle, etc. (not the feeling of belonging)
✔✔Functionalism or Functional analysis - ✔✔analysis
is based on the writings of Emile Durkheim and Herbert Spencer and is based on
looking at things from the perspective that everything, whether apparently good or bad,
serves some kind of function.
✔✔Durkheim developed the concept of what during his analysis of the division of
labour? - ✔✔social solidarity
✔✔What are the two types of social solidarity? - ✔✔mechanical solidarity and organic
solidarity
✔✔Books Durkheim publised - ✔✔The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, Suicide: A
Study of Sociology
, ✔✔A theory developed by Robert Merton that explains deviance as an adaptation either
of socially prescribed goals or of the norms governing their attainment, or both. -
✔✔Anomie theory of deviance
✔✔Robert Merton - ✔✔-middle range theory : pushed boundaries
-Anomie theory of deviance: A theory developed by Robert Merton that explains
deviance as an adaptation either of socially prescribed goals or of the norms governing
their attainment, or both.
-Change from folk traits (small, isolated, no division of labor, intensely religious,
ascriptive status) to urban traits (the opposite). He hated these changes
✔✔Karl Marx - ✔✔-hates capitalism, was a communist
probelms: modern work is alienated: workers need to see themselves in the work they
create, not anymore(specialized jobs now); modern fork leaves to alienation: feeling of
disconnect; modern work is insecure: factory people can be easily replaced; workers get
paid little while capitalists get rich: shrink workers wage to make greater profit
(profit=exploitation); capitalism is unstable: crisis are caused by producing too much,
crisis of abundance; unemployment=freedom (positive); capitalism is bad for capitalist:
marriage was an extension of business. capitalism put money first (commodity
fetishism); communist manifesto; friends with Engles;
-political theory:
✔✔Max Webber - ✔✔-explains capitalism
-why does capitalism exist: he says a set of ideas (religious: Protestant: Calvinism) he
says Protestantism makes you feel guilty, you can not repent by a priest and be forgiven
-god likes hard work: (Protestant work ethic) they work all the time
-all work is holy: they say the work of any kind can be in the name of god (baker)
-its community not family that counts: its all about the community
-no miracles: acting honestly, being rewarded, they turned to science instead.
-people became capitalists bc of religion
-3 types of power: traditional authority (kings), charismatic (heroic individual
(Napoleon)), beuratocratical (knowledge)
✔✔Elliot Liebow - ✔✔-His works include Tally's Corner and Tell Them Who I Am, both
being micro-sociological writings shaped as participant observer studies of people in
poor areas.
-- A study of negro street corner men.
- One of the first studies to apply participant observation method to population within our
own society.
- Liebow accompanied negro street corner men to bars and parties, court appearances
and jail visits from downtown Washington DC.
- Revealed numerous obstacles facing black men on a daily basis. Including structural
and individual levels of racial discrimination propaganda by whites in society.
- Complex system compromised of over abundance of liquor stores, pool halls, and
pawn shops.
