SOCIOLOGY CLEP UPDATED TEST EVALUATION
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Agents of socialization - ✔✔Family, school, peer groups, and mass media
✔✔Resocialization - ✔✔process of discarding behavioral practices and adopting new
ones as a part of a transition in life
✔✔Total institution - ✔✔where resocialization occurs where people are confined for a
period of time and cut off from the rest of society. enviroment deliberately controlled to
achieve rebuilding of personality and learning of norms and values of new, unfamiliar
social enviroment (military, mental hospitals, and prisons)
✔✔Sigmund Freud - ✔✔Austrian physician, founder of psychoanalysis. considered
biological drives primary source of human activity. these strivings must be repressed or
channeled in socially acceptable directions
✔✔Charles Horton Cooley - ✔✔self concept, formed in childhood, is reevaluated every
time the person enters new social situation. 3 stages: (looking-glass-self) 1.we imagine
how we appear to others 2.we wonder if others see us the same way we see ourselves
and so we observe how others react to us 3. we develop a conception of ourselves
based on the judgments of others
✔✔George Herbert Mead - ✔✔American philosopher. evolutionary social theory. single
act best understood as segment of larger social act or communicative transaction
between 2 or more persons. 1 outcome of socialization is ability to anticipate other's
reactions and adjust our behavior accordingly
✔✔Erving Goffman - ✔✔self is reflection of others (expectation of the people one is
involved with at that point). used term 'role-distance' to describe gap between who we
are and who we portray ourselves to be
✔✔Jean Piaget - ✔✔Swiss psychologist. developed a theory of cognitive development.
Four stages
✔✔Sensorimotor Stage - ✔✔cannot understand cause-and-effect, or differentiate
themselves from their environment. 0 to 2 years
✔✔Preoperational Stage - ✔✔Child begins to use language and symbols. differentiate
between fantasy and reality.
✔✔Concrete Operational Stage - ✔✔thinks in logical terms, makes connection between
cause-and-effect, but cannot conceive of anything beyond the concrete situation 2 to 7
years.
, ✔✔Formal Operational Stage - ✔✔Develops the capability to think abstractly
✔✔Erik Erikson - ✔✔8 stages of psychosocial development
✔✔Stage 1 - ✔✔nurturing stage, trust or mistrust is established
✔✔Stage 2 - ✔✔feeling of autonomy or feeling of doubt and shame from not being able
to handle the situations encountered in life.
✔✔autonomy - ✔✔the quality or state of being free and self-directing
✔✔Stage 3 - ✔✔sense of initiative and self confidence or feelings of guilt
✔✔Stage 4 - ✔✔focus shifts from family to school. industrious or inferior
✔✔Stage 5 - ✔✔failure to establish a clear and firm sense of one's self results in the
person's becoming confused about their identity
✔✔Stage 6 - ✔✔Child meets or fails to meet the challenge of forming stable
relationships.
✔✔intimacy or isolation and loneliness - ✔✔
✔✔Stage 7 - ✔✔A person's contribution to the well-being of others through citizenship,
work, and family becomes self-generative, and hence, their fulfilling of the primary task
of mature adult hood is complete
✔✔Stage 8 - ✔✔The developmental challenge posed by the knowledge that one is
reaching the end is to find a sense of continuity and meaning and hence, to break the
sense of isolation and self-absorption that the thought of one's impending death
produces, thereby yielding to despair.
✔✔Lawrence Kohlberg - ✔✔At ages 4-10, children do right for fear of being punished
for disobeying. Later, a child obeys because they believe that the existing social order is
the right and true order and therefore ought to be followed. Believes that only men are
capable of reaching the higher stages of moral reasoning
✔✔Carol Gilligan - ✔✔Men approach a problem in terms of the ethic of ultimate ends.
Women approach the same problem trying to find the best solution for everyone
involved. Conclusion was that this was caused by the difference in roles of women and
men in our society, no real difference at all.
✔✔Culture - ✔✔commonly learned and shared social heritage of beliefs, customs,
skills, traditions, and knowledge.
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Agents of socialization - ✔✔Family, school, peer groups, and mass media
✔✔Resocialization - ✔✔process of discarding behavioral practices and adopting new
ones as a part of a transition in life
✔✔Total institution - ✔✔where resocialization occurs where people are confined for a
period of time and cut off from the rest of society. enviroment deliberately controlled to
achieve rebuilding of personality and learning of norms and values of new, unfamiliar
social enviroment (military, mental hospitals, and prisons)
✔✔Sigmund Freud - ✔✔Austrian physician, founder of psychoanalysis. considered
biological drives primary source of human activity. these strivings must be repressed or
channeled in socially acceptable directions
✔✔Charles Horton Cooley - ✔✔self concept, formed in childhood, is reevaluated every
time the person enters new social situation. 3 stages: (looking-glass-self) 1.we imagine
how we appear to others 2.we wonder if others see us the same way we see ourselves
and so we observe how others react to us 3. we develop a conception of ourselves
based on the judgments of others
✔✔George Herbert Mead - ✔✔American philosopher. evolutionary social theory. single
act best understood as segment of larger social act or communicative transaction
between 2 or more persons. 1 outcome of socialization is ability to anticipate other's
reactions and adjust our behavior accordingly
✔✔Erving Goffman - ✔✔self is reflection of others (expectation of the people one is
involved with at that point). used term 'role-distance' to describe gap between who we
are and who we portray ourselves to be
✔✔Jean Piaget - ✔✔Swiss psychologist. developed a theory of cognitive development.
Four stages
✔✔Sensorimotor Stage - ✔✔cannot understand cause-and-effect, or differentiate
themselves from their environment. 0 to 2 years
✔✔Preoperational Stage - ✔✔Child begins to use language and symbols. differentiate
between fantasy and reality.
✔✔Concrete Operational Stage - ✔✔thinks in logical terms, makes connection between
cause-and-effect, but cannot conceive of anything beyond the concrete situation 2 to 7
years.
, ✔✔Formal Operational Stage - ✔✔Develops the capability to think abstractly
✔✔Erik Erikson - ✔✔8 stages of psychosocial development
✔✔Stage 1 - ✔✔nurturing stage, trust or mistrust is established
✔✔Stage 2 - ✔✔feeling of autonomy or feeling of doubt and shame from not being able
to handle the situations encountered in life.
✔✔autonomy - ✔✔the quality or state of being free and self-directing
✔✔Stage 3 - ✔✔sense of initiative and self confidence or feelings of guilt
✔✔Stage 4 - ✔✔focus shifts from family to school. industrious or inferior
✔✔Stage 5 - ✔✔failure to establish a clear and firm sense of one's self results in the
person's becoming confused about their identity
✔✔Stage 6 - ✔✔Child meets or fails to meet the challenge of forming stable
relationships.
✔✔intimacy or isolation and loneliness - ✔✔
✔✔Stage 7 - ✔✔A person's contribution to the well-being of others through citizenship,
work, and family becomes self-generative, and hence, their fulfilling of the primary task
of mature adult hood is complete
✔✔Stage 8 - ✔✔The developmental challenge posed by the knowledge that one is
reaching the end is to find a sense of continuity and meaning and hence, to break the
sense of isolation and self-absorption that the thought of one's impending death
produces, thereby yielding to despair.
✔✔Lawrence Kohlberg - ✔✔At ages 4-10, children do right for fear of being punished
for disobeying. Later, a child obeys because they believe that the existing social order is
the right and true order and therefore ought to be followed. Believes that only men are
capable of reaching the higher stages of moral reasoning
✔✔Carol Gilligan - ✔✔Men approach a problem in terms of the ethic of ultimate ends.
Women approach the same problem trying to find the best solution for everyone
involved. Conclusion was that this was caused by the difference in roles of women and
men in our society, no real difference at all.
✔✔Culture - ✔✔commonly learned and shared social heritage of beliefs, customs,
skills, traditions, and knowledge.
