SOCIOLOGY CLEP UPDATED COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Historical Materialism - ✔✔the assumption that material forces are the prime movers
of history and politics; a key philosophical tenet of Marxism
✔✔education institution - ✔✔the social institution through which society provides its
members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms
and values.
✔✔cumpulsory - ✔✔required; mandatory
✔✔family institution - ✔✔The oldest and most fundamental institution, handles the
bearing and rearing of children.
✔✔Kinship - ✔✔A social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
✔✔marriage - ✔✔a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual
activity, and childbearing
✔✔Endogamy - ✔✔marriage between people of the same social category
✔✔Exogamy - ✔✔marriage outside the tribe, caste, or social group
✔✔monogamy - ✔✔Marriage to only one person at a time
✔✔Polygamy - ✔✔having more than one spouse at a time; not norm in most societies
due to high expense
✔✔medical institution - ✔✔a social institution responsible for treating illness and
promoting health
✔✔social epidemiology - ✔✔the study of how health and disease are distributed
throughout a society's population
✔✔social construction of illness - ✔✔diagnosis of disease changes (illness is a social
designation) behavior/social state
✔✔Political Institutions - ✔✔Organizes the power in a society
✔✔Representative Democracy - ✔✔A system of government in which citizens elect
representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.
,✔✔Constitution - ✔✔A document which spells out the principles by which a government
runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society
✔✔Fuedalism - ✔✔A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that
legally belong to a king in return for loyalty and military service
✔✔political economy - ✔✔the political, economic, and legal systems of a country
✔✔Marx view of Politics - ✔✔There is no distinction between the political and economic
institutions because the overlap is so strong. Believes businessmen join political
positions to secure wealth and benefit themselves opposed to the masses.
✔✔revolving door - ✔✔Employment cycle in which individuals who work for
governmental agencies that regulate interests eventually end up working for interest
groups or businesses with the same policy concern.
✔✔Religious Institutions - ✔✔Social structures and mechanisms of social order and
cooperation governing the behavior of the believers or members of the religion.
✔✔profane - ✔✔the ordinary, mundane, or everyday
✔✔Denomination - ✔✔A separate branch of a larger religion
✔✔state religion - ✔✔a government-sponsored religion; also called ecclesia
✔✔Theocracy - ✔✔A government controlled by religious leaders
✔✔Sects - ✔✔Groups that branched off from mainstream religion and tend to lice
according to rigid beliefs
✔✔Cult - ✔✔an organized group of people with an obsessive devotion to a person or
set of principles. Often end with the death of an influential leader.
✔✔Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) - ✔✔A French sociologist and among the first
sociologist to study religion; Argued that religion plays an important role in uniting
people in a society, especially true in small tribal ones
✔✔Marx religious institution view - ✔✔Religion helps to reinforce social inequalities
brought about by unfair economic systems; Exploited workers are more likely to accept
hard life if they believe salvation awaits them after death.
✔✔Max Weber (1864-1920) - ✔✔sought to explain the origins of capitalism.
, ✔✔Social Patterns - ✔✔explainable and foreseeable similarities and differences among
people influenced by the social conditions in which they live
✔✔Communities - ✔✔Areas in which people meet most of their needs for social
interaction, a livelihood, shopping, education, and religion
✔✔Ferdinand Tonnies (1853-1936) - ✔✔distinguished between gemeinschaft
(community) and gesellschaft (society)
✔✔Gemeinshaft (community) - ✔✔group unified by feelings of togetherness due to
shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography. Known as traditional community, and well
known as a small town.
✔✔Gesellschaft (society) - ✔✔modern societies characterized by impersonal, distant,
and limited social relations
✔✔Demography - ✔✔Scientific study of human populations.
✔✔push factors - ✔✔Factors that induce people to leave old residences.
✔✔pull factors - ✔✔Factors that induce people to move to a new location.
✔✔demographic transition theory - ✔✔a thesis that links population patterns to a
society's level of technological and economic development
✔✔human ecology - ✔✔The area of study concerned with the interrelationships
between people and their environment.
✔✔Ecology - ✔✔Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between
organisms and their environment
✔✔built environment - ✔✔The man-made surroundings that provide the setting for
human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelter to neighborhoods to the large-
scale civic surroundings.
✔✔Malthusian Theory - ✔✔Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth,
because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only
increase arithmetically
✔✔Rural-Urban Pattern - ✔✔The pattern of movement of people from the countryside
to the city.
✔✔rural - ✔✔town or village located away from cities. <5000 pop.
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Historical Materialism - ✔✔the assumption that material forces are the prime movers
of history and politics; a key philosophical tenet of Marxism
✔✔education institution - ✔✔the social institution through which society provides its
members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms
and values.
✔✔cumpulsory - ✔✔required; mandatory
✔✔family institution - ✔✔The oldest and most fundamental institution, handles the
bearing and rearing of children.
✔✔Kinship - ✔✔A social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
✔✔marriage - ✔✔a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual
activity, and childbearing
✔✔Endogamy - ✔✔marriage between people of the same social category
✔✔Exogamy - ✔✔marriage outside the tribe, caste, or social group
✔✔monogamy - ✔✔Marriage to only one person at a time
✔✔Polygamy - ✔✔having more than one spouse at a time; not norm in most societies
due to high expense
✔✔medical institution - ✔✔a social institution responsible for treating illness and
promoting health
✔✔social epidemiology - ✔✔the study of how health and disease are distributed
throughout a society's population
✔✔social construction of illness - ✔✔diagnosis of disease changes (illness is a social
designation) behavior/social state
✔✔Political Institutions - ✔✔Organizes the power in a society
✔✔Representative Democracy - ✔✔A system of government in which citizens elect
representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.
,✔✔Constitution - ✔✔A document which spells out the principles by which a government
runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society
✔✔Fuedalism - ✔✔A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that
legally belong to a king in return for loyalty and military service
✔✔political economy - ✔✔the political, economic, and legal systems of a country
✔✔Marx view of Politics - ✔✔There is no distinction between the political and economic
institutions because the overlap is so strong. Believes businessmen join political
positions to secure wealth and benefit themselves opposed to the masses.
✔✔revolving door - ✔✔Employment cycle in which individuals who work for
governmental agencies that regulate interests eventually end up working for interest
groups or businesses with the same policy concern.
✔✔Religious Institutions - ✔✔Social structures and mechanisms of social order and
cooperation governing the behavior of the believers or members of the religion.
✔✔profane - ✔✔the ordinary, mundane, or everyday
✔✔Denomination - ✔✔A separate branch of a larger religion
✔✔state religion - ✔✔a government-sponsored religion; also called ecclesia
✔✔Theocracy - ✔✔A government controlled by religious leaders
✔✔Sects - ✔✔Groups that branched off from mainstream religion and tend to lice
according to rigid beliefs
✔✔Cult - ✔✔an organized group of people with an obsessive devotion to a person or
set of principles. Often end with the death of an influential leader.
✔✔Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) - ✔✔A French sociologist and among the first
sociologist to study religion; Argued that religion plays an important role in uniting
people in a society, especially true in small tribal ones
✔✔Marx religious institution view - ✔✔Religion helps to reinforce social inequalities
brought about by unfair economic systems; Exploited workers are more likely to accept
hard life if they believe salvation awaits them after death.
✔✔Max Weber (1864-1920) - ✔✔sought to explain the origins of capitalism.
, ✔✔Social Patterns - ✔✔explainable and foreseeable similarities and differences among
people influenced by the social conditions in which they live
✔✔Communities - ✔✔Areas in which people meet most of their needs for social
interaction, a livelihood, shopping, education, and religion
✔✔Ferdinand Tonnies (1853-1936) - ✔✔distinguished between gemeinschaft
(community) and gesellschaft (society)
✔✔Gemeinshaft (community) - ✔✔group unified by feelings of togetherness due to
shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography. Known as traditional community, and well
known as a small town.
✔✔Gesellschaft (society) - ✔✔modern societies characterized by impersonal, distant,
and limited social relations
✔✔Demography - ✔✔Scientific study of human populations.
✔✔push factors - ✔✔Factors that induce people to leave old residences.
✔✔pull factors - ✔✔Factors that induce people to move to a new location.
✔✔demographic transition theory - ✔✔a thesis that links population patterns to a
society's level of technological and economic development
✔✔human ecology - ✔✔The area of study concerned with the interrelationships
between people and their environment.
✔✔Ecology - ✔✔Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between
organisms and their environment
✔✔built environment - ✔✔The man-made surroundings that provide the setting for
human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelter to neighborhoods to the large-
scale civic surroundings.
✔✔Malthusian Theory - ✔✔Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth,
because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only
increase arithmetically
✔✔Rural-Urban Pattern - ✔✔The pattern of movement of people from the countryside
to the city.
✔✔rural - ✔✔town or village located away from cities. <5000 pop.
