ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM 2026/2027 NEWEST EXAM
QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT
ANSWERS
A 45-yo female is informed that she has hepatitis. She has been
traveling recently and was told that the form that she has is self-
limiting and is transferred via the fecal-oral route. Which of the
following types of hepatitis is she most likely to have contracted?
a. hepatitis c
b. hepatitis a
c. hepatitis b
d. hepatitis d - Correct Answer hepatitis a
A Wilms tumor is also known by the histologic name:
a. neuroblastoma
b. blastomycosis
c. glioblastoma
d. nephroblastoma - Correct Answer nephroblastoma
Endotoxins, exotoxins - Correct Answer Examples of toxins
A 35yo female with a hx of IV drug abuse was recently diagnosed
with HIV. She is called back to your clinic as she was noted to
have elevated aminotransferase (ALT and AST) levels on routine
blood work. A hepatitis panel was ordered. Which strain of
hepatitis will MOST LIKELY come back positive?
a. hepatitis D
b. hepatitis B
c. hepatitis C
d. hepatitis A - Correct Answer hepatitis C
,-Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes produces a variety of
aneuploid conditions
-Klinefelter syndrome is the result of an extra chromosome in a
male, producing XXY individuals
-Monosomy X, called Turner syndrome, produces X0 females,
who are sterile; it is the only known viable monosomy in humans -
Correct Answer Aneuploidy of Sex Chromosomes
follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase - Correct Answer phases
of ovarian cycle
A 3yo male presents to the clinic for a routine well child visit. His
mother states that he has had some mild swelling in his
extremities. A urinalysis and lab work are sent and he is noted to
have proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and hyperlipidemia. His
MOST LIKELY diagnosis is:
a. acute glomerulonephritis
b. hemolytic uremis syndromw
c. henoch-schonlein purpura nephritis
d. primary nephrotic syndrome - Correct Answer primary
nephrotic syndrome
Hypoalbuminemia and sodium retention - Correct Answer
Factors that contribute to edema in nephrotic syndrome
Oncogenes of the ras gene family and tumor-supressor genes
including TP53 mutations are mainly implicated in:
a. primary bladder cancer
b. pancreatitis
c. cholecystitis
d. glomerulonephritis - Correct Answer primary bladder cancer
PSGN (post streptococcal glomerulonephritis), IgA nephropathy -
Correct Answer types of glomerulonephritis in children
,The MOST common sign of portal hypertension in children is:
a. splenomegaly
b. ascites
c. hepatic encephalopathy
d. upper gastrointestinal bleeding - Correct Answer
splenomegaly
Nephrotic syndrome in adults is characteristic of:
a. glomerular injury
b. diabetic nephropathy
c. acute kidney injury
d. acute tubular necrosis - Correct Answer glomerular injury
Two - Correct Answer The GFR increases, achieving adults level
by what age
Hypoplastic kidney - Correct Answer A small kidney with
decreased number of nephrons
A 55 yo african-american male with a hx of obesity, tobacco use,
and hypertension presents to your clinic with c/o hematuria and
dull, aching flank pain. The MOST LIKELY diagnosis would be:
a. prostatitis
b. renal cell carcinoma
c. acute pyelonephritis
d. diverticulitis - Correct Answer renal cell carcinoma
The microorganisms usually associated wtih acute pyelonephritis
include all EXCEPT:
a. pseudomonas
b. proteus
c. staph aureus
d. E. coli - Correct Answer staph aureus
, Well demarcation in benign - Correct Answer Benign vs
malignant cancer tumor
GERD causes inflammatory responses in the esophageal wall
resulting in:
a. erosion and ulcerations
b. tissue fragility
c. hyperemia
d. all of the above - Correct Answer all of the above
Cancers arising from the mesenchymal tissue usually have the
suffix - Correct Answer sarcoma
Decrease - Correct Answer Factors that suppress ovulation
increase or decrease risk of ovarian cancer
A 45 yo female presents to the ED with abdominal discomfort,
epigastric tenderness and upper GI bleeding. She has a hx of a
recent H-pylori infection. Her most likely diagnosis would be:
a. illeus
b. hiatal hernia
c. acute gastritis
d. GERD - Correct Answer acute gastritis
Radiation, diet, synthetic chemicals, physical activity - Correct
Answer What are the important environmental and lifestyle
factors correlated with breast cancer
The primary lesions in which disease are continuous with no skip
lesions, are limited to the mucosa and are not transmural?
a. diverticulitis
b. crohns disease
c. irritable bowel syndrome
d. ulcerative colitis - Correct Answer ulcerative colitis
EXAM 2026/2027 NEWEST EXAM
QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT
ANSWERS
A 45-yo female is informed that she has hepatitis. She has been
traveling recently and was told that the form that she has is self-
limiting and is transferred via the fecal-oral route. Which of the
following types of hepatitis is she most likely to have contracted?
a. hepatitis c
b. hepatitis a
c. hepatitis b
d. hepatitis d - Correct Answer hepatitis a
A Wilms tumor is also known by the histologic name:
a. neuroblastoma
b. blastomycosis
c. glioblastoma
d. nephroblastoma - Correct Answer nephroblastoma
Endotoxins, exotoxins - Correct Answer Examples of toxins
A 35yo female with a hx of IV drug abuse was recently diagnosed
with HIV. She is called back to your clinic as she was noted to
have elevated aminotransferase (ALT and AST) levels on routine
blood work. A hepatitis panel was ordered. Which strain of
hepatitis will MOST LIKELY come back positive?
a. hepatitis D
b. hepatitis B
c. hepatitis C
d. hepatitis A - Correct Answer hepatitis C
,-Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes produces a variety of
aneuploid conditions
-Klinefelter syndrome is the result of an extra chromosome in a
male, producing XXY individuals
-Monosomy X, called Turner syndrome, produces X0 females,
who are sterile; it is the only known viable monosomy in humans -
Correct Answer Aneuploidy of Sex Chromosomes
follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase - Correct Answer phases
of ovarian cycle
A 3yo male presents to the clinic for a routine well child visit. His
mother states that he has had some mild swelling in his
extremities. A urinalysis and lab work are sent and he is noted to
have proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and hyperlipidemia. His
MOST LIKELY diagnosis is:
a. acute glomerulonephritis
b. hemolytic uremis syndromw
c. henoch-schonlein purpura nephritis
d. primary nephrotic syndrome - Correct Answer primary
nephrotic syndrome
Hypoalbuminemia and sodium retention - Correct Answer
Factors that contribute to edema in nephrotic syndrome
Oncogenes of the ras gene family and tumor-supressor genes
including TP53 mutations are mainly implicated in:
a. primary bladder cancer
b. pancreatitis
c. cholecystitis
d. glomerulonephritis - Correct Answer primary bladder cancer
PSGN (post streptococcal glomerulonephritis), IgA nephropathy -
Correct Answer types of glomerulonephritis in children
,The MOST common sign of portal hypertension in children is:
a. splenomegaly
b. ascites
c. hepatic encephalopathy
d. upper gastrointestinal bleeding - Correct Answer
splenomegaly
Nephrotic syndrome in adults is characteristic of:
a. glomerular injury
b. diabetic nephropathy
c. acute kidney injury
d. acute tubular necrosis - Correct Answer glomerular injury
Two - Correct Answer The GFR increases, achieving adults level
by what age
Hypoplastic kidney - Correct Answer A small kidney with
decreased number of nephrons
A 55 yo african-american male with a hx of obesity, tobacco use,
and hypertension presents to your clinic with c/o hematuria and
dull, aching flank pain. The MOST LIKELY diagnosis would be:
a. prostatitis
b. renal cell carcinoma
c. acute pyelonephritis
d. diverticulitis - Correct Answer renal cell carcinoma
The microorganisms usually associated wtih acute pyelonephritis
include all EXCEPT:
a. pseudomonas
b. proteus
c. staph aureus
d. E. coli - Correct Answer staph aureus
, Well demarcation in benign - Correct Answer Benign vs
malignant cancer tumor
GERD causes inflammatory responses in the esophageal wall
resulting in:
a. erosion and ulcerations
b. tissue fragility
c. hyperemia
d. all of the above - Correct Answer all of the above
Cancers arising from the mesenchymal tissue usually have the
suffix - Correct Answer sarcoma
Decrease - Correct Answer Factors that suppress ovulation
increase or decrease risk of ovarian cancer
A 45 yo female presents to the ED with abdominal discomfort,
epigastric tenderness and upper GI bleeding. She has a hx of a
recent H-pylori infection. Her most likely diagnosis would be:
a. illeus
b. hiatal hernia
c. acute gastritis
d. GERD - Correct Answer acute gastritis
Radiation, diet, synthetic chemicals, physical activity - Correct
Answer What are the important environmental and lifestyle
factors correlated with breast cancer
The primary lesions in which disease are continuous with no skip
lesions, are limited to the mucosa and are not transmural?
a. diverticulitis
b. crohns disease
c. irritable bowel syndrome
d. ulcerative colitis - Correct Answer ulcerative colitis
