protein misc| 100% Correct Questions Rated A+ 1
Acute phase proteins Proteins whose concentrations change with inflammation (↑ CRP,
haptoglobin, fibrinogen; ↓ albumin, transferrin)
Acute phase proteins decreased in inflammation Albumin, transferrin, prealbumin
Acute phase proteins increased in inflammation CRP, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, α1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, complement
proteins
A/G ratio calculation Albumin ÷ Globulin
A/G ratio formula Albumin ÷ Globulin
Albumin Major protein in CSF (with immunoglobulins); maintains oncotic pressure;
transports bilirubin, fatty acids, hormones, drugs, Ca²⁺; buffering capacity
Albumin as an acute phase reactant Negative acute phase reactant
Albumin-to-globulin (A:G) ratio reference range ~1.0-1.8 (albumin usually higher than globulins)
2/5/2026
, protein misc| 100% Correct Questions Rated A+ 2
Ampholyte/zwitterion Molecule with both positive and negative charges
Amphoteric A molecule that can act as an acid or a base
Biuret method principle Cu²⁺ reacts with peptide bonds to form a violet complex measured at 540
nm
Broad γ region elevation on SPEP Indicates polyclonal gammopathy (e.g., chronic infection, autoimmune
disease)
Calculation for total protein correction Dilution factor correction (Measured × Dilution Factor)
Cause of hyperalbuminemia Dehydration
Causes of hyperproteinemia Dehydration, multiple myeloma (↑ immunoglobulins)
Causes of hypoalbuminemia Liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, inflammation, malnutrition, burns
Causes of hypoproteinemia Liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy, malnutrition
2/5/2026
Acute phase proteins Proteins whose concentrations change with inflammation (↑ CRP,
haptoglobin, fibrinogen; ↓ albumin, transferrin)
Acute phase proteins decreased in inflammation Albumin, transferrin, prealbumin
Acute phase proteins increased in inflammation CRP, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, α1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, complement
proteins
A/G ratio calculation Albumin ÷ Globulin
A/G ratio formula Albumin ÷ Globulin
Albumin Major protein in CSF (with immunoglobulins); maintains oncotic pressure;
transports bilirubin, fatty acids, hormones, drugs, Ca²⁺; buffering capacity
Albumin as an acute phase reactant Negative acute phase reactant
Albumin-to-globulin (A:G) ratio reference range ~1.0-1.8 (albumin usually higher than globulins)
2/5/2026
, protein misc| 100% Correct Questions Rated A+ 2
Ampholyte/zwitterion Molecule with both positive and negative charges
Amphoteric A molecule that can act as an acid or a base
Biuret method principle Cu²⁺ reacts with peptide bonds to form a violet complex measured at 540
nm
Broad γ region elevation on SPEP Indicates polyclonal gammopathy (e.g., chronic infection, autoimmune
disease)
Calculation for total protein correction Dilution factor correction (Measured × Dilution Factor)
Cause of hyperalbuminemia Dehydration
Causes of hyperproteinemia Dehydration, multiple myeloma (↑ immunoglobulins)
Causes of hypoalbuminemia Liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, inflammation, malnutrition, burns
Causes of hypoproteinemia Liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy, malnutrition
2/5/2026
