WGU D236-PATHO OA LATEST ACTUAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE WITH QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
A 68-year-old woman complains of chronic knee pain that
worsens with activity and improves with rest. On
examination, there is bony enlargement of the distal
interphalangeal joints (Heberden's nodes) and crepitus in the
knees. There is no warmth or significant swelling.
osteoarthritis
chronic autoimmune disease where the immune system
mistakenly attacks the synovium causing inflammation, pain,
and joint damage.
rheumatoid arthritis
A 45-year-old woman presents with joint pain and stiffness in
her hands and wrists. She reports the stiffness is worst in
the morning and lasts for over an hour. On exam, there
is swelling, tenderness, and limited range of motion in
the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal
interphalangeal (PIP) joints bilaterally. Lab results show
positive rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-CCP antibodies.
rheumatoid arthritis
an infection or inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
affecting the heart valves.
it is caused by bacteria, fungi, or other germs (tooth decay)
,**Night sweats
***loud heart murmur
VEGETATION SHOWN ON AN ECHO
ENDOCARDITIS
A 35-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug use
presents with fever, chills, and fatigue. On exam, he has a
new systolic murmur and small, painless lesions on the
palms and soles (Janeway lesions). Blood cultures are
positive for Staphylococcus aureus.
ENDOCARDITIS
NECK/JAW PAIN
CHEST PAIN (angina pectoris)
VOMITING
DIAGNOSIS
**LACK OF O2=death to muscle tissue (necrosis)
**OCCLUSION OF CORONARY ATERY
MI (myocardial infarction)
A 58-year-old man presents to the emergency department
with crushing chest pain radiating to his left arm, shortness
of breath, and nausea. He is diaphoretic. ECG shows ST-
segment elevations in leads II, III, and aVF. Troponin levels
are elevated.
MI (myocardial infarction)
occurs when there is a mismatch between oxygen supply
and demand in the heart leading to ischemia (lack of oxygen)
and heart muscle damage but without a direct blockage of a
coronary artery
,type 2 MI (myocardial infarction)
A 70-year-old woman is admitted with sepsis from a urinary
tract infection. She develops chest discomfort and shortness
of breath. Troponin levels are elevated, but ECG shows no
ST-segment elevations. Coronary angiography reveals no
significant obstructive coronary artery disease
type 2 MI (myocardial infarction)
What is a risk factor for erectile dysfunction?
HEART DISEASE
chronic liver disease where healthy liver tissue is replaced
by scar tissue which impairs the livers ability to function
properly
cirrhosis
Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity)
jaundice
elevated AST and ALT
cirrhosis
Cirrhosis =
scarred liver, can’t filter → ascites (fluid accumulates) +
jaundice.
A 58-year-old man with a history of chronic alcohol use
presents with fatigue, abdominal swelling, and confusion.
Physical exam reveals jaundice, ascites, spider angiomas,
and asterixis. Lab tests show elevated liver enzymes, low
albumin, and an increased INR.
cirrhosis
, Stroke = FAST
Face droop
Arm weak
Speech slurred
Time to act
the final stage of chronic kidney disease where the kidneys
have severely deteriorated and can no longer function
end stage renal disease
DECREASED URINE OUTPUT (oliguria)
ANEMIA
FATIGUE (asthenia)
ITCHY SKIN (pruritus)
DIAGNOSIS
end stage renal disease
A 62-year-old man with a history of diabetes and
hypertension presents with fatigue, pruritus, swelling in his
legs, and decreased urine output over several months. Lab
results reveal elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine,
hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and anemia.
end stage renal disease
genetic disorder that affects females and occurs when one of
the X chromosomes is partially or completely missing.
Turners disease
WHAT IS A CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY?
when a child receives too many or too few chromosomes at
conception
STUDY GUIDE WITH QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
A 68-year-old woman complains of chronic knee pain that
worsens with activity and improves with rest. On
examination, there is bony enlargement of the distal
interphalangeal joints (Heberden's nodes) and crepitus in the
knees. There is no warmth or significant swelling.
osteoarthritis
chronic autoimmune disease where the immune system
mistakenly attacks the synovium causing inflammation, pain,
and joint damage.
rheumatoid arthritis
A 45-year-old woman presents with joint pain and stiffness in
her hands and wrists. She reports the stiffness is worst in
the morning and lasts for over an hour. On exam, there
is swelling, tenderness, and limited range of motion in
the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal
interphalangeal (PIP) joints bilaterally. Lab results show
positive rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-CCP antibodies.
rheumatoid arthritis
an infection or inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
affecting the heart valves.
it is caused by bacteria, fungi, or other germs (tooth decay)
,**Night sweats
***loud heart murmur
VEGETATION SHOWN ON AN ECHO
ENDOCARDITIS
A 35-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug use
presents with fever, chills, and fatigue. On exam, he has a
new systolic murmur and small, painless lesions on the
palms and soles (Janeway lesions). Blood cultures are
positive for Staphylococcus aureus.
ENDOCARDITIS
NECK/JAW PAIN
CHEST PAIN (angina pectoris)
VOMITING
DIAGNOSIS
**LACK OF O2=death to muscle tissue (necrosis)
**OCCLUSION OF CORONARY ATERY
MI (myocardial infarction)
A 58-year-old man presents to the emergency department
with crushing chest pain radiating to his left arm, shortness
of breath, and nausea. He is diaphoretic. ECG shows ST-
segment elevations in leads II, III, and aVF. Troponin levels
are elevated.
MI (myocardial infarction)
occurs when there is a mismatch between oxygen supply
and demand in the heart leading to ischemia (lack of oxygen)
and heart muscle damage but without a direct blockage of a
coronary artery
,type 2 MI (myocardial infarction)
A 70-year-old woman is admitted with sepsis from a urinary
tract infection. She develops chest discomfort and shortness
of breath. Troponin levels are elevated, but ECG shows no
ST-segment elevations. Coronary angiography reveals no
significant obstructive coronary artery disease
type 2 MI (myocardial infarction)
What is a risk factor for erectile dysfunction?
HEART DISEASE
chronic liver disease where healthy liver tissue is replaced
by scar tissue which impairs the livers ability to function
properly
cirrhosis
Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity)
jaundice
elevated AST and ALT
cirrhosis
Cirrhosis =
scarred liver, can’t filter → ascites (fluid accumulates) +
jaundice.
A 58-year-old man with a history of chronic alcohol use
presents with fatigue, abdominal swelling, and confusion.
Physical exam reveals jaundice, ascites, spider angiomas,
and asterixis. Lab tests show elevated liver enzymes, low
albumin, and an increased INR.
cirrhosis
, Stroke = FAST
Face droop
Arm weak
Speech slurred
Time to act
the final stage of chronic kidney disease where the kidneys
have severely deteriorated and can no longer function
end stage renal disease
DECREASED URINE OUTPUT (oliguria)
ANEMIA
FATIGUE (asthenia)
ITCHY SKIN (pruritus)
DIAGNOSIS
end stage renal disease
A 62-year-old man with a history of diabetes and
hypertension presents with fatigue, pruritus, swelling in his
legs, and decreased urine output over several months. Lab
results reveal elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine,
hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and anemia.
end stage renal disease
genetic disorder that affects females and occurs when one of
the X chromosomes is partially or completely missing.
Turners disease
WHAT IS A CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY?
when a child receives too many or too few chromosomes at
conception
