McCance Pathophysiology 8th Edition | Biological Basis of Disease in Adults & Children

McCance:jPathophysiology:jThejBiologicjBasisjforjDiseasejinjAdultsjandjChildrenj(8thjEdition)jTESTjBANKj
j
j

CONTENTS:j
Chapterj01:jCellularjBiologyj
Chapterj02:jAlteredjCellularjandjTissuejBiology:jEnvironmentaljAgentsj
Chapterj03:jThejCellularjEnvironment:jFluidsjandjElectrolytes,jAcidsjandjBasesj
Chapterj04:jGenesjandjGeneticjDiseasesj
Chapterj05:jGenes,jEnvironment-Lifestyle,jandjCommonjDiseasesj
Chapterj06:jEpigeneticsjandjDiseasej
Chapterj07:jInnatejImmunity:jInflammationjandjWoundjHealingj
Chapterj08:jAdaptivejImmunityj
Chapterj09:jAlterationsjinjImmunityjandjInflammationj
Chapterj10:jInfectionj
Chapterj11:jStressjandjDiseasej
Chapterj12:jCancerjBiologyj
Chapterj13:jCancerjEpidemiologyj
Chapterj14:jCancerjinjChildrenj
Chapterj15:jStructurejandjFunctionjofjthejNeurologicjSystemj
Chapterj16:jPain,jTemperaturejRegulation,jSleep,jandjSensoryjFunctionj
j

Chapterj17:jAlterationsjinjCognitivejSystems,jCerebraljHemodynamics,jandjMotorjFunctionj
Chapterj18:jDisordersjofjthejCentraljandjPeripheraljNervousjSystemsjandjthejNeuromuscularjJunctionj
Chapterj19:jNeurobiologyjofjSchizophrenia,jMoodjDisorders,jandjAnxietyjDisordersj
Chapterj20:jAlterationsjofjNeurologicjFunctionjinjChildrenj
Chapterj21:jMechanismsjofjHormonaljRegulationj
Chapterj22:jAlterationsjofjHormonaljRegulationj
Chapterj23:jObesityjandjDisordersjofjNutritionj
Chapterj24:jStructurejandjFunctionjofjthejReproductivejSystemsj
Chapterj25:jAlterationsjofjthejFemalejReproductivejSystemj
Chapterj26:jAlterationsjofjthejMalejReproductivejSystemj
Chapterj27:jSexuallyjTransmittedjInfectionsj
Chapterj28:jStructurejandjFunctionjofjthejHematologicjSystemj
j

Chapterj29:jAlterationsjofjErythrocytes,jPlatelets,jandjHemostaticjFunctionj
Chapterj30:jAlterationsjofjLeukocytejandjLymphoidjFunctionj
Chapterj31:jAlterationsjofjHematologicjFunctionjinjChildrenj
Chapterj32:jStructurejandjFunctionjofjthejCardiovascularjandjLymphaticjSystemsj
Chapterj33:jAlterationsjofjCardiovascularjFunctionj
Chapterj34:jAlterationsjofjCardiovascularjFunctionjinjChildrenj
Chapterj35:jStructurejandjFunctionjofjthejPulmonaryjSystemj
Chapterj36:jAlterationsjofjPulmonaryjFunctionj
Chapterj37:jAlterationsjofjPulmonaryjFunctionjinjChildrenj
Chapterj38:jStructurejandjFunctionjofjthejRenaljandjUrologicjSystemsj
Chapterj39:jAlterationsjofjRenaljandjUrinaryjTractjFunctionj
Chapterj40:jAlterationsjofjRenaljandjUrinaryjTractjFunctionjinjChildrenj
Chapterj41:jStructurejandjFunctionjofjthejDigestivejSystemj
j

Chapterj42:jAlterationsjofjDigestivejFunctionj
Chapterj43:jAlterationsjofjDigestivejFunctionjinjChildrenj
Chapterj44:jStructurejandjFunctionjofjthejMusculoskeletaljSystemj

,j

Chapterj45:jAlterationsjofjMusculoskeletaljFunctionj
Chapterj46:jAlterationsjofjMusculoskeletaljFunctionjinjChildrenj
Chapterj47:jStructure,jFunction,jandjDisordersjofjthejIntegumentj
Chapterj48:jAlterationsjofjthejIntegumentjinjChildrenj
Chapterj49:jShock,jMultiplejOrganjDysfunctionjSyndrome,jandjBurnsjinjAdultsj
Chapterj50:jShock,jMultiplejOrganjDysfunctionjSyndrome,jandjBurnsjinjChildrenj
j
j

Partj1:jCENTRALjCONCEPTSjOFjPATHOPHYSIOLOGY:jCELLSjANDjTISSUESjUnitj
I:jTHEjCELLj
CHAPTERj01:jCELLULARjBIOLOGYj
j
MULTIPLEjCHOICEj
j
1. Whichjstatementjbestjdescribesjthejcellularjfunctionjofjmetabolicjabsorption?j
a. Cellsjcanjproducejproteins.j
b. Cellsjcanjsecretejdigestivejenzymes.j
c. Cellsjcanjtakejinjandjusejnutrients.j
d. Cellsjcanjsynthesizejfats.j
ANS:jCj
Injmetabolicjabsorption,jalljcellsjtakejinjandjusejnutrientsjandjotherjsubstancesjfromjtheirjsurroun
dings.jThejremainingjoptionsjarejnotjinclusivejinjtheirjdescriptionsjofjcellularjmetabolicjabsorpti
on.j
j
PTS:jjj1j DIF:jCognitivejLevel:jRememberingj
j
2. Wherejisjmostjofjajcell’sjgeneticjinformation,jincludingjRNAjandjDNA,jcontained?j
a. Mitochondriaj
b. Ribosomej
c. Nucleolusj
d. Lysosomej
ANS:jCj
Thejnucleusjcontainsjthejnucleolus,jajsmalljdensejstructurejcomposedjlargelyjofjRNA,jmostjofjthejc
ellularjDNA,jandjthejDNA-
bindingjproteins,jsuchjasjthejhistones,jwhichjregulatejitsjactivity.jThejmitochondriajarejresponsiblej
forjcellularjrespirationjandjenergyjproduction.j
Ribosomes’jchiefjfunctionjisjtojprovidejsitesjforjcellularjproteinjsynthesis.jLysosomesjfunctionjasjt
hejintracellularjdigestivejsystem.j
j
PTS:jjj1j DIF:jCognitivejLevel:jRememberingj
j
3. Whichjcomponentjofjthejcelljproducesjhydrogenjperoxidej(H2O2)jbyjusingjoxygenjtojremovejhydro
genjatomsjfromjspecificjsubstratesjinjanjoxidativejreaction?ja.jLysosomesj
b. Peroxisomesj
c. Ribosomesj
d. Endosomej
ANS:jBj

,j




j
Peroxisomesjarejsojnamedjbecausejtheyjusuallyjcontainjenzymesjthatjusejoxygenjtojremovejhydrog
enjatomsjfromjspecificjsubstratesjinjanjoxidativejreactionjthatjproducesjH2O2,jwhichjisjajpowerfuljo
xidantjandjpotentiallyjdestructivejifjitjaccumulatesjorjescapesjfromjperoxisomes.jRibosomesjarejR
NA-
proteinjcomplexesj(nucleoproteins)jthatjarejsynthesizedjinjthejnucleolusjandjsecretedjintojthejcytop
lasmjthroughjporesjinjthejnuclearjenvelopejcalledjnuclearjporejcomplexes.jLysosomesjarejsaclikejst
ructuresjthatjoriginatejfromjthejGolgijcomplexjandjcontainjmorejthanj40jdigestivejenzymesjcalledjh
ydrolases,jwhichjcatalyzejbondsjinjproteins,jlipids,jnucleicjacids,jandjcarbohydrates.jAnjendosomej
isjajvesicaljthatjhasjbeenjpinchedjoffjfromjthejcellularjmembrane.j
j
PTS:jjj1j DIF:jCognitivejLevel:jRememberingj
j
4. Whichjcelljcomponentjisjcapablejofjcellularjautodigestionjwhenjitjisjreleasedjduringjcelljinjury?ja.jR
ibosomej
b. Golgijcomplexj
c. Smoothjendoplasmicjreticulumj
d. Lysosomesj
ANS:jDj
Thejlysosomaljmembranejactsjasjajprotectivejshieldjbetweenjthejpowerfuljdigestivejenzymesjwithi
njthejlysosomejandjthejcytoplasm,jpreventingjtheirjleakagejintojthejcytoplasmicjmatrix.jDisruptionj
ofjthejmembranejbyjvariousjtreatmentsjorjcellularjinjuryjleadsjtojajreleasejofjthejlysosomaljenzymes
,jwhichjcanjthenjreactjwithjtheirjspecificjsubstrates,jcausingjcellularjself-
jdigestion.jThejchiefjfunctionjofjajribosomejisjtojprovidejsitesjforjcellularjproteinjsynthesis.jThejGol

gijcomplexjisjajnetworkjofjflattened,jsmoothjvesiclesjandjmembranesjoftenjlocatedjnearjthejcelljnuc
leus.jThejsmoothjendoplasmicjreticulumjisjinvolvedjinjsteroidjhormonejproductionjandjremovingjt
oxicjsubstancesjfromjthejcell.j
j
PTS:jjj1j DIF:jCognitivejLevel:jRememberingj
j
5. WhichjcAMP-mediatedjresponsejisjrelatedjtojantidiureticjhormone?j
a. Increasedjheartjratejandjforcejofjcontractionj
b. Secretionjofjcortisolj
c. Increasedjretentionjofjwaterj
d. Breakdownjofjfatj
ANS:jCj
Antidiureticjhormonejleadsjtojincreasedjretentionjofjwaterjinjthejbody.jEpinephrinejcausesjincrease
sjinjheartjratejandjforcejofjcontraction.jIncreasedjcortisoljsecretionjisjduejtojACTH.jBreakdownjofjf
atjisjduejtojglucagon.j
j
PTS:jjj1j DIF:jCognitivejLevel:jRememberingj
j
6. DuringjwhichjphasejofjthejcelljcyclejisjDNAjsynthesized?j
a. G1j
b. Sj

, j

c. G2j
d. Mj
ANS:jBj
Thejfourjdesignatedjphasesjofjthejcelljcyclejare:j(1)jthejG1 phasej(Gj=jgap),jwhichjisjthejperiodjbetw
j

eenjthejMjphasej(Mj=jmitosis)jandjthejstartjofjDNAjsynthesis;j(2)jthejSjphasej(Sj=jsynthesis),jduring
jwhichjDNAjisjsynthesizedjinjthejcelljnucleus;j(3)jthejG2 phase,jduringjwhichjRNAjandjproteinjsynt
j


hesisjoccurs,jthejperiodjbetweenjthejcompletionjofjDNAjsynthesisjandjthejnextjphasej(M);jandj(4)jt
hejMjphase,jwhichjincludesjnuclearjandjcytoplasmicjdivision.j
j
PTS:jjj1j DIF:jCognitivejLevel:jRememberingj
j
7. Whatjorganicjcompoundjfacilitatesjtransportationjacrossjcelljmembranesjbyjactingjasjreceptors,jtra
nsportjchannelsjforjelectrolytes,jandjenzymesjtojdrivejactivejpumps?ja.jLipidsj
b. Proteasesj
c. Proteinsj
d. Carbohydratesj
ANS:jCj
Proteinsjhavejseveraljfunctions,jincludingjactingjasjreceptors,jtransportjchannelsjforjelectrolytes,jan
djenzymesjtojdrivejactivejpumpsjLipidsjhelpjactjasjthej“glue”jholdingjcelljmembranesjtogether.jProt
easesjcausejthejbreakdownjofjprotein.jCarbohydratesjarejinvolvedjinjcellularjprotectionjandjlubricat
ionjandjhelpjproducejenergyjviajoxidativejphosphorylation.j
j
PTS:jjj1j DIF:jCognitivejLevel:jRememberingj
j
8. Understandingjthejvariousjstepsjofjproteolyticjcascadesjmayjbejusefuljinjdesigningjdrugjtherapyjforj
whichjhumanjdiseases?j
a. Cardiacjandjvascularjdisordersj
b. Autoimmunejandjmalignantjdisordersj
c. Gastrointestinaljandjrenaljdisordersj
d. Endocrinejandjgastrointestinaljdisordersj
ANS:jBj
Understandingjthejvariousjstepsjinvolvedjinjthisjprocessjisjcrucialjforjdesigningjdrugjinterventions.j
Dysregulationjofjproteasesjfeaturesjprominentlyjinjmanyjhumanjdiseases,jincludingjcancer,jautoim
munity,jandjneurodegenerativejdisorders.jCardiac,jvascular,jgastrointestinal,jrenal,jandjendocrinejd
isordersjdojnotjinvolvejthisjprocess.j
j
PTS:jjj1j DIF:jCognitivejLevel:jRememberingj
j
9. Whichjstructurejpreventsjwater-
solublejmoleculesjfromjenteringjcellsjacrossjthejplasmajmembrane?j
a. Carbohydratejchainsj
b. Glycoproteinjchannelsj
c. Membranejchanneljproteinsj
d. Lipidjbilayerj
ANS:jDj