MSU PHM 350 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Pharmacokinetics |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--term |used |to |describe |how |the |intensity |of |a |drugs
|effect |is |time |dependent
-"pharm"= |drugs |"kinetics"= |speed
-how |long |or |how |often |you |have |to |take |the |drug
-includes |processes |adsorption, |distribution, |metabolism, |and |excretion |and |the |rates |of |these |
process.
-The |effects |of |absorption, |distribution, |metabolism |and |excretion.
Pharmacodynamics |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |describes |the |mechanism |or |nature |of |the |drugs
|effects |and |relationship |of |drug |concentration |and |intensity |of |the |drug
-Ex) |why |the |drug |you |take |for |a |headache |is |different |from |the |drug |you |take |for |a |heart |
attack
Absorption |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--drug |movement |across |cell |layers |and |cell |membranes |
from |the |site |of |administration |to |the |blood.
- |The |process |by |which |drug |molecules |reach |the |plasma |from |original |site |of |administration
absorption |rates |depend |on.... |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |surface |area |(big |Vs |small)
-Vascularization |of |the |surface
- |blood |flow |of |absorption |surface |(no |blood |flow= |no |absorption)
Diffusion |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |most |common |and |most |significant |mechanism |of |
absorption
,-dependent |on |the |physical |and |chemical |nature |of |the |drug |molecule
- |greater |concentration |gradient |of |a |drug |across |a |membrane= |movement |of |the |drug |is |more
|rapid
- |fast |diffusion= |drug |gets |quickly |into |blood
- |slow |diffusion= |drug |doesn't |get |into |blood |fast
equilibrium |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |"unchanging |conditions"
-at |equilibrium, |the |rate |of |diffusion |of |drug |molecules |is |the |same |in |both |directions
- |this |does |not |mean |equality |of |concentration |of |the |across |the |membrane |layer
-equilibrium |of |a |drug |is |almost |never |achieved.
diffusion |of |a |Non-ionized |drug |molecule |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |Non-ionized |drug |
molecules |can |move |across |the |membrane |both |ways |(faster |to |move |across |membrane) |
because |they |are |more |soluble |in |lipids.
-Non-ionized= |unchanged |in |solution
diffusion |of |Ionized |drug |molecules |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--ionized |drug |molecules |can |not |
move |across |the |membrane |freely
-ionized |drugs |are |more |soluble |in |water |and |less |soluble |in |fat |therefore |they |do |not |dissolve |
(are |slow) |to |dissolve |across |the |membrane.
-ionized= |charged |in |solution.
-concentration |of |ionized |form |of |a |drug |is |not |usually |equal |in |two |compartments... |It |is |
trapped |on |one |side |of |the |membrane.
Size |of |drug |molecule |and |crossing |the |membrane |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |smaller |drug |
molecules |move |across |the |membrane |more |rapidly |(faster) |than |large |molecules |therefore, |
small |drug |molecules |will |reach |equilibrium |faster |than |larger |drug |molecules.
-The |larger |the |molecule |or |the |higher |the |molecular |weight, |the |longer |the |drug |takes |to |
diffuse |and |will |therefore |reach |equilibrium |slower.
,lipid |solubility |of |a |drug |molecule |and |crossing |the |membrane |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |
lipophilic |drug |molecules |(fat |loving) |cross |the |membrane |more |rapidly |because |they |dissolve |
in |the |lipid |membrane
-hydrophilic |or |lipophobic |molecules |do |not |dissolve |will |and |do |not |cross |the |membrane |as |
fast
-A |lipophilic |molecule |will |be |faster |to |reach |equilibrium |because |it |dissolves |through |the |
membrane |easier
acidic |conditions |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--will |shift |the |equilibrium |left |(make |equilibrium |
happen |faster)
basic |conditions |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--will |shift |equilibrium |right |( |longer |to |reach |
equilibrium).
PKa |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--pH |of |a |solution |when |50% |of |drug |molecules |are |ionized |and |
50% |are |non-ionized.
in |solutions |acidic |to |the |PKa |of |the |drug... |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--weak |acid |drugs |are |non-
ionized
-weak |base |drugs |are |ionized
in |solutions |basic |to |PKa |of |the |drug |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--weak |acid |drugs |are |ionized
-weak |base |drugs |are |non-ionized.
Ion |Trapping |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |a |weak |acid |drug |will |be |trapped/accumulated |in |the |
more |BASIC |compartment
-a |weak |base |drug |will |be |trapped/accumulated |in |the |more |acidic |compartment
, -Ion |trapping |may |limit |the |movement |of |the |drug |to |the |plasma |during |absorption |and |may |
limit |distribution |of |the |drug |from |the |plasma |to |body |compartments
-ion |trapping |may |limit |or |enhance |the |effectiveness |of |a |drug
Factors |which |prevent |uniform |distribution |of |a |drug |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Time |
(insufficient |time |for |equal |distribution |given |ongoing |drug |elimination)
-Ion |trapping
- |drug |accumulation |( |barriers)- |blood |brain |barrier, |local |blood |flow.
Binding |agents |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |drugs |can |bind |to |plasma |proteins |and |does |not |
reach |the |site |of |action- |unless |unbinding |(from |plasma |protein |or |bone) |occurs
-binding |proteins |lower |the |peak |concentration |of |the |drug |but |prolong |the |drugs |effects
-binding |or |fat |location |reduces |the |amount |of |free |drug |in |the |plasma |which |reduces |the |
drugs |effects.
-no |binding |agent- |the |concentration |of |the |drug |in |the |blood |goes |up |fast |and |falls |quicker
-when |there |is |a |binding |agent- |the |drug |will |bind |and |unbinding |of |bound |drug |slows |
elimination |of |the |drug |and |extends |its |effects.
- |a |binding |agent |could |be |bone, |fat |or |a |plasma |protein.
blood |brain |barrier |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--tight |coupling |of |cells |or |vessel |walls |slows |or |
prevent |drug |entry |to |the |CNS
GI |tract |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--multiple |layers |of |cells |slows |or |prevents |drug |entry |to |the |
plasma
Volume |of |distribution |Vd |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |an |estimate |of |where |a |drug |distributes |
(a |calculated |and |not |measured |value)
-each |drug |has |a |unique |value
-determines |the |use |and |usefulness |of |a |drug
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Pharmacokinetics |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--term |used |to |describe |how |the |intensity |of |a |drugs
|effect |is |time |dependent
-"pharm"= |drugs |"kinetics"= |speed
-how |long |or |how |often |you |have |to |take |the |drug
-includes |processes |adsorption, |distribution, |metabolism, |and |excretion |and |the |rates |of |these |
process.
-The |effects |of |absorption, |distribution, |metabolism |and |excretion.
Pharmacodynamics |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |describes |the |mechanism |or |nature |of |the |drugs
|effects |and |relationship |of |drug |concentration |and |intensity |of |the |drug
-Ex) |why |the |drug |you |take |for |a |headache |is |different |from |the |drug |you |take |for |a |heart |
attack
Absorption |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--drug |movement |across |cell |layers |and |cell |membranes |
from |the |site |of |administration |to |the |blood.
- |The |process |by |which |drug |molecules |reach |the |plasma |from |original |site |of |administration
absorption |rates |depend |on.... |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |surface |area |(big |Vs |small)
-Vascularization |of |the |surface
- |blood |flow |of |absorption |surface |(no |blood |flow= |no |absorption)
Diffusion |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |most |common |and |most |significant |mechanism |of |
absorption
,-dependent |on |the |physical |and |chemical |nature |of |the |drug |molecule
- |greater |concentration |gradient |of |a |drug |across |a |membrane= |movement |of |the |drug |is |more
|rapid
- |fast |diffusion= |drug |gets |quickly |into |blood
- |slow |diffusion= |drug |doesn't |get |into |blood |fast
equilibrium |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |"unchanging |conditions"
-at |equilibrium, |the |rate |of |diffusion |of |drug |molecules |is |the |same |in |both |directions
- |this |does |not |mean |equality |of |concentration |of |the |across |the |membrane |layer
-equilibrium |of |a |drug |is |almost |never |achieved.
diffusion |of |a |Non-ionized |drug |molecule |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |Non-ionized |drug |
molecules |can |move |across |the |membrane |both |ways |(faster |to |move |across |membrane) |
because |they |are |more |soluble |in |lipids.
-Non-ionized= |unchanged |in |solution
diffusion |of |Ionized |drug |molecules |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--ionized |drug |molecules |can |not |
move |across |the |membrane |freely
-ionized |drugs |are |more |soluble |in |water |and |less |soluble |in |fat |therefore |they |do |not |dissolve |
(are |slow) |to |dissolve |across |the |membrane.
-ionized= |charged |in |solution.
-concentration |of |ionized |form |of |a |drug |is |not |usually |equal |in |two |compartments... |It |is |
trapped |on |one |side |of |the |membrane.
Size |of |drug |molecule |and |crossing |the |membrane |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |smaller |drug |
molecules |move |across |the |membrane |more |rapidly |(faster) |than |large |molecules |therefore, |
small |drug |molecules |will |reach |equilibrium |faster |than |larger |drug |molecules.
-The |larger |the |molecule |or |the |higher |the |molecular |weight, |the |longer |the |drug |takes |to |
diffuse |and |will |therefore |reach |equilibrium |slower.
,lipid |solubility |of |a |drug |molecule |and |crossing |the |membrane |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |
lipophilic |drug |molecules |(fat |loving) |cross |the |membrane |more |rapidly |because |they |dissolve |
in |the |lipid |membrane
-hydrophilic |or |lipophobic |molecules |do |not |dissolve |will |and |do |not |cross |the |membrane |as |
fast
-A |lipophilic |molecule |will |be |faster |to |reach |equilibrium |because |it |dissolves |through |the |
membrane |easier
acidic |conditions |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--will |shift |the |equilibrium |left |(make |equilibrium |
happen |faster)
basic |conditions |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--will |shift |equilibrium |right |( |longer |to |reach |
equilibrium).
PKa |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--pH |of |a |solution |when |50% |of |drug |molecules |are |ionized |and |
50% |are |non-ionized.
in |solutions |acidic |to |the |PKa |of |the |drug... |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--weak |acid |drugs |are |non-
ionized
-weak |base |drugs |are |ionized
in |solutions |basic |to |PKa |of |the |drug |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--weak |acid |drugs |are |ionized
-weak |base |drugs |are |non-ionized.
Ion |Trapping |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |a |weak |acid |drug |will |be |trapped/accumulated |in |the |
more |BASIC |compartment
-a |weak |base |drug |will |be |trapped/accumulated |in |the |more |acidic |compartment
, -Ion |trapping |may |limit |the |movement |of |the |drug |to |the |plasma |during |absorption |and |may |
limit |distribution |of |the |drug |from |the |plasma |to |body |compartments
-ion |trapping |may |limit |or |enhance |the |effectiveness |of |a |drug
Factors |which |prevent |uniform |distribution |of |a |drug |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Time |
(insufficient |time |for |equal |distribution |given |ongoing |drug |elimination)
-Ion |trapping
- |drug |accumulation |( |barriers)- |blood |brain |barrier, |local |blood |flow.
Binding |agents |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |drugs |can |bind |to |plasma |proteins |and |does |not |
reach |the |site |of |action- |unless |unbinding |(from |plasma |protein |or |bone) |occurs
-binding |proteins |lower |the |peak |concentration |of |the |drug |but |prolong |the |drugs |effects
-binding |or |fat |location |reduces |the |amount |of |free |drug |in |the |plasma |which |reduces |the |
drugs |effects.
-no |binding |agent- |the |concentration |of |the |drug |in |the |blood |goes |up |fast |and |falls |quicker
-when |there |is |a |binding |agent- |the |drug |will |bind |and |unbinding |of |bound |drug |slows |
elimination |of |the |drug |and |extends |its |effects.
- |a |binding |agent |could |be |bone, |fat |or |a |plasma |protein.
blood |brain |barrier |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--tight |coupling |of |cells |or |vessel |walls |slows |or |
prevent |drug |entry |to |the |CNS
GI |tract |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--multiple |layers |of |cells |slows |or |prevents |drug |entry |to |the |
plasma
Volume |of |distribution |Vd |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |an |estimate |of |where |a |drug |distributes |
(a |calculated |and |not |measured |value)
-each |drug |has |a |unique |value
-determines |the |use |and |usefulness |of |a |drug
