BIMM 100- Problem Set Questions And Quiz Questions
With Complete Solutions
A missense mutation. What effect will it have on protein
function? Correct Answers is a single DNA nucleotide change
in a sequence thatchanges one amino acid (the one encoded by
that codon in the mRNA that has thechange). The predicted
effect to protein function is variable. The change could haveno
effect, or it could lead to a severe defect in protein function
depending on whatthe amino acid is, and where in the protein it
occurs.
A nonsense mutation. What effect will it have on protein
function? Correct Answers is a single DNA nucleotide change
in a sequence that changes what should have been an amino acid
into a stop codon instead. This will shorten the normal protein
product, and likely cause the protein to becomenonfunctional.
A silent mutation. What effect will it have on protein function?
Correct Answers specifically refers to a single DNA nucleotide
change in asequence that doesn't change the amino acid coded
by that codon (in the mRNA).This would be predicted to have
no effect on protein function (no change)
Based on this, if you wanted to mutate the promoter to reduce
the levels of transcription for this gene, which of the following
options would you choose? Correct Answers Changing the most
conserved results in more severe effect
Being vaccinated with an antigen from a pathogen Correct
Answers Will induce an active immune response
,Briefly describe the difference between somatic and germline
editing. Correct Answers Somatic cell editing is done in
somatic cells (every kind of cell other than those thatcontribute
to gametes/germline; ie sperm and eggs) so any potential change
to thatcell type is restricted to that cell type/lineage. Any change
made by DNA editing would also be restricted to that individual
and not passed down to any offspring. Germline editing in
comparison is making a heritable change in germline cells (those
that become sperm or eggs, or in early embryo) so that the
change is passed down toevery cell in an organism, including
that individual's gametes (sperm or eggs). This means the
change is inherited to future generations
Briefly describe the process of transformation, transduction, and
conjugation in bacteria. (please describe each one!) Where does
the new genetic material come from in each case? Correct
Answers Transformation is the process of a bacterium taking up
free DNA from the environment. Transduction is bacterial DNA
transfer mediated through a bacteriophage.
Conjugation is transfer of a plasmid from one bacterium to
another, mediated through cell-cell contact (sex pilus).
Transformation - DNA comes directly from environment
Transduction - DNA comes from other bacteria, but mediated
through phage (phage brings piece of bacterial genome and
injects into new bacteria)
Conjugation - DNA comes from other bacteria directly through
physical linkagePlate 1 is positive control. Plate 3 is negative
control. Some possibilities:Bacteria are not competent, not
enough DNA added, killed during spreading, wrongplates (with
wrong antibiotics used), etc
, Briefly describe the role of ADE2 in yeast. What process is it
involved in? What phenotype do you expect to see when it is
knocked out? Correct Answers ADE2 is involved in producing
purine bases (Ex. adenine and guanine) to build more nucleic
acids. When this is knocked out, you would expect to see the
yeast turn pink/red
Briefly describe the role yeast has in bread and beer making.
What is the yeast producing in each case to make either the
bread or beer? What kind of respiration is this? Correct Answers
Yeast go through anaerobic respiration and produce CO2 and
ethanol. The CO2 makes the bread rise and traps air in baked
bread to make it fluffy. For beer, it's the ethanol that is the main
component (although CO2 is why it is also carbonated)
Briefly describe the two methods of DNA repair that can be
utilized by the cell when DNA undergoes a double-stranded
break. Correct Answers NHEJ (non homologous end joining) -
ends are put back together with no guide,often error prone
(insertions, deletions, etc occur)
HDR (homology directed repair) - sequence with homology is
used as a template torepair double strand break
Briefly explain how a mRNA-based vaccine works to induce a
mammalian immune response Correct Answers A mRNA-based
vaccine works by first having mRNA that encodes for a specific
antigen protein being injected into your body. This mRNA is
translated by your cells, and the protein produced stimulates an
immune response. The foreign antigen is recognized by Bcells,
which proliferate and produce antibodies and memory cells
With Complete Solutions
A missense mutation. What effect will it have on protein
function? Correct Answers is a single DNA nucleotide change
in a sequence thatchanges one amino acid (the one encoded by
that codon in the mRNA that has thechange). The predicted
effect to protein function is variable. The change could haveno
effect, or it could lead to a severe defect in protein function
depending on whatthe amino acid is, and where in the protein it
occurs.
A nonsense mutation. What effect will it have on protein
function? Correct Answers is a single DNA nucleotide change
in a sequence that changes what should have been an amino acid
into a stop codon instead. This will shorten the normal protein
product, and likely cause the protein to becomenonfunctional.
A silent mutation. What effect will it have on protein function?
Correct Answers specifically refers to a single DNA nucleotide
change in asequence that doesn't change the amino acid coded
by that codon (in the mRNA).This would be predicted to have
no effect on protein function (no change)
Based on this, if you wanted to mutate the promoter to reduce
the levels of transcription for this gene, which of the following
options would you choose? Correct Answers Changing the most
conserved results in more severe effect
Being vaccinated with an antigen from a pathogen Correct
Answers Will induce an active immune response
,Briefly describe the difference between somatic and germline
editing. Correct Answers Somatic cell editing is done in
somatic cells (every kind of cell other than those thatcontribute
to gametes/germline; ie sperm and eggs) so any potential change
to thatcell type is restricted to that cell type/lineage. Any change
made by DNA editing would also be restricted to that individual
and not passed down to any offspring. Germline editing in
comparison is making a heritable change in germline cells (those
that become sperm or eggs, or in early embryo) so that the
change is passed down toevery cell in an organism, including
that individual's gametes (sperm or eggs). This means the
change is inherited to future generations
Briefly describe the process of transformation, transduction, and
conjugation in bacteria. (please describe each one!) Where does
the new genetic material come from in each case? Correct
Answers Transformation is the process of a bacterium taking up
free DNA from the environment. Transduction is bacterial DNA
transfer mediated through a bacteriophage.
Conjugation is transfer of a plasmid from one bacterium to
another, mediated through cell-cell contact (sex pilus).
Transformation - DNA comes directly from environment
Transduction - DNA comes from other bacteria, but mediated
through phage (phage brings piece of bacterial genome and
injects into new bacteria)
Conjugation - DNA comes from other bacteria directly through
physical linkagePlate 1 is positive control. Plate 3 is negative
control. Some possibilities:Bacteria are not competent, not
enough DNA added, killed during spreading, wrongplates (with
wrong antibiotics used), etc
, Briefly describe the role of ADE2 in yeast. What process is it
involved in? What phenotype do you expect to see when it is
knocked out? Correct Answers ADE2 is involved in producing
purine bases (Ex. adenine and guanine) to build more nucleic
acids. When this is knocked out, you would expect to see the
yeast turn pink/red
Briefly describe the role yeast has in bread and beer making.
What is the yeast producing in each case to make either the
bread or beer? What kind of respiration is this? Correct Answers
Yeast go through anaerobic respiration and produce CO2 and
ethanol. The CO2 makes the bread rise and traps air in baked
bread to make it fluffy. For beer, it's the ethanol that is the main
component (although CO2 is why it is also carbonated)
Briefly describe the two methods of DNA repair that can be
utilized by the cell when DNA undergoes a double-stranded
break. Correct Answers NHEJ (non homologous end joining) -
ends are put back together with no guide,often error prone
(insertions, deletions, etc occur)
HDR (homology directed repair) - sequence with homology is
used as a template torepair double strand break
Briefly explain how a mRNA-based vaccine works to induce a
mammalian immune response Correct Answers A mRNA-based
vaccine works by first having mRNA that encodes for a specific
antigen protein being injected into your body. This mRNA is
translated by your cells, and the protein produced stimulates an
immune response. The foreign antigen is recognized by Bcells,
which proliferate and produce antibodies and memory cells
