NURN 160: GAS EXCHANGE: TEST QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
1) name the categories of antibiotics -- Answer ✔✔ Aminoglycosides
Carbapenems
Cephalosporins
Fluoroquinolones
Penicillin
Sulfonamides
Tetracyclines
Glycopeptides
2) side effects/ adverse effects of antibiotics -- Answer ✔✔ Allergic reaction: S /S -
rash/hives, pruritis
Anaphylaxis: Bronchospasm, vascular collapse, arrest
Super infections: occurs when normal flora disrupted; occurs more in broad
spectrum antibiotics
Organ Toxicity: antibiotics can cause organ damage
- Liver & Kidney involved in drug metabolism
3) True or False: smoking is the greatest cause of pathology in the respiratory
system -- Answer ✔✔ True
4) Levels of O2 delivered by the nasal canula -- Answer ✔✔ 1Liter = 24%
2L = 28%
3L = 32%
, 4L = 36%
5L = 40%
6L = 44%
5) considerations when using a nasal canula -- Answer ✔✔ - Use humidity for flow
of more than 4L
- Humidity prevents: thickened secretions, impaired ciliary activity,
retained secretions
- Tubing curves towards the base of the nares, can put 2x2 pads behind
the ears and duoderm on the cheeks to limit skin irritation
- Least precise delivery system; O2 Sat will vary with the rate depth of
the client's respirations
6) considerations/ guidelines when using a simple face mask (oxygenation) --
Answer ✔✔ - Not precise but more exact than nasal cannula
- can deliver 40 - 60% Fi02 oxygen
- Set to at least 5 liters on the flow meter due to risk of retaining the
CO2 collecting in the mask
- Mask has vents on each side which allow room air to leak in - this
dilutes the oxygen and allows CO2 to escape
- Used for short periods of time; 12 hours or less
- Mask should fit closely to face
- Skin breakdown is possible to nose and ears
7) considerations for trach collar -- Answer ✔✔ Similar delivery to Simple Face
Mask
Delivers 40 - 60% Fi02
Flow Rate 5 liters or more
8) considerations for partial rebreathing mask -- Answer ✔✔ - it is a simple Face
Mask with a reservoir bag; more precise
- Delivers 40 - 70% O2
- Liter flows adjusted so bag does NOT collapse during inspiration
- 6 - 10 L / minute
, - Remove one-way valve from non-rebreathing mask to make it a partial
non-rebreather
- Approximately 1/3 of exhaled air goes back into the reservoir bag and
mixes with fresh O2
- Adjust the mask for the right fit for the client's face
- Fill reservoir bag first before placing the mask on the client
9) considerations for non-rebreathing mask -- Answer ✔✔ - Delivers 60 -80% O2
- 10 L / minute required
- Similar to partial non-rebreather with reservoir bag but has a valve
between bag and mask to prevent exhaled air from returning to the bag
10) considerations for venturi mask -- Answer ✔✔ - High flow system - most
precise
- Delivers 24 - 60%
- Flow rates from 4 - 12 liters / minute
- Has a wide bore tubing and color coded jet adapters that correspond
to a precise O2 concentration and liter flow
- Doctor's order should specify the % of O2 desired; the RN will set the
flow meter
- Respiratory pattern and rate will NOT affect the delivered FiO2
- The larger the hole on the adapter = the more air enters - air is
retained through the side ports where it blends with the new O2
delivery for correct concentration to the mask
11) Adapters for venturi mask
State the color, percentage, and volume of air per minute -- Answer ✔✔ Blue
adapter: delivers 24% O2 concentration at 4 liters / minute
Yellow adapter: delivers 28% at 4 liters / minute
White adapter: delivers 31% at 6 liters / minute
Green adapter: delivers 35% at 6 liters / minute
Pink adapter: delivers 40% at 8 liters / minute
Orange adapter: delivers 50% at 8 liters / minute
, 12) asthma -- Answer ✔✔ a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways where
inflammation causes varying degrees of obstruction in the airways &
hyperactivity of the airway
13) True or False: Children ages 5-17 years had the highest current prevalence rates
compared toother age groups -- Answer ✔✔ True
14) Physiologic response of asthma -- Answer ✔✔ Bronchial smooth muscle spasm
Vascular congestion
Increased vascular permeability
Edema formation
Production of thick tenacious mucus
Impaired mucociliary function
Thickening of the airway walls
Increased contractile response of bronchus
- response results in hyper-responsiveness, epithelial cell damage and
airway obstruction; Acute Asthma Attack
15) Hyperventilation in asthma -- Answer ✔✔ - Triggered by lung receptors; due to
increased lung volume caused by air trapping and obstruction
- Gas pressures rise, causing decreased perfusion to alveoli
- Results in early hypoxemia
- Without CO2 retention, PaCO2 decreases
- pH increases leading to Respiratory Alkalosis
16) During an asthma attack, what inflammatory mediators are released? -- Answer
✔✔ Histamine
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
17) triggers/ causes of asthma -- Answer ✔✔ respiratory diseases
cold temperatures
exercise
food/drug additives
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
1) name the categories of antibiotics -- Answer ✔✔ Aminoglycosides
Carbapenems
Cephalosporins
Fluoroquinolones
Penicillin
Sulfonamides
Tetracyclines
Glycopeptides
2) side effects/ adverse effects of antibiotics -- Answer ✔✔ Allergic reaction: S /S -
rash/hives, pruritis
Anaphylaxis: Bronchospasm, vascular collapse, arrest
Super infections: occurs when normal flora disrupted; occurs more in broad
spectrum antibiotics
Organ Toxicity: antibiotics can cause organ damage
- Liver & Kidney involved in drug metabolism
3) True or False: smoking is the greatest cause of pathology in the respiratory
system -- Answer ✔✔ True
4) Levels of O2 delivered by the nasal canula -- Answer ✔✔ 1Liter = 24%
2L = 28%
3L = 32%
, 4L = 36%
5L = 40%
6L = 44%
5) considerations when using a nasal canula -- Answer ✔✔ - Use humidity for flow
of more than 4L
- Humidity prevents: thickened secretions, impaired ciliary activity,
retained secretions
- Tubing curves towards the base of the nares, can put 2x2 pads behind
the ears and duoderm on the cheeks to limit skin irritation
- Least precise delivery system; O2 Sat will vary with the rate depth of
the client's respirations
6) considerations/ guidelines when using a simple face mask (oxygenation) --
Answer ✔✔ - Not precise but more exact than nasal cannula
- can deliver 40 - 60% Fi02 oxygen
- Set to at least 5 liters on the flow meter due to risk of retaining the
CO2 collecting in the mask
- Mask has vents on each side which allow room air to leak in - this
dilutes the oxygen and allows CO2 to escape
- Used for short periods of time; 12 hours or less
- Mask should fit closely to face
- Skin breakdown is possible to nose and ears
7) considerations for trach collar -- Answer ✔✔ Similar delivery to Simple Face
Mask
Delivers 40 - 60% Fi02
Flow Rate 5 liters or more
8) considerations for partial rebreathing mask -- Answer ✔✔ - it is a simple Face
Mask with a reservoir bag; more precise
- Delivers 40 - 70% O2
- Liter flows adjusted so bag does NOT collapse during inspiration
- 6 - 10 L / minute
, - Remove one-way valve from non-rebreathing mask to make it a partial
non-rebreather
- Approximately 1/3 of exhaled air goes back into the reservoir bag and
mixes with fresh O2
- Adjust the mask for the right fit for the client's face
- Fill reservoir bag first before placing the mask on the client
9) considerations for non-rebreathing mask -- Answer ✔✔ - Delivers 60 -80% O2
- 10 L / minute required
- Similar to partial non-rebreather with reservoir bag but has a valve
between bag and mask to prevent exhaled air from returning to the bag
10) considerations for venturi mask -- Answer ✔✔ - High flow system - most
precise
- Delivers 24 - 60%
- Flow rates from 4 - 12 liters / minute
- Has a wide bore tubing and color coded jet adapters that correspond
to a precise O2 concentration and liter flow
- Doctor's order should specify the % of O2 desired; the RN will set the
flow meter
- Respiratory pattern and rate will NOT affect the delivered FiO2
- The larger the hole on the adapter = the more air enters - air is
retained through the side ports where it blends with the new O2
delivery for correct concentration to the mask
11) Adapters for venturi mask
State the color, percentage, and volume of air per minute -- Answer ✔✔ Blue
adapter: delivers 24% O2 concentration at 4 liters / minute
Yellow adapter: delivers 28% at 4 liters / minute
White adapter: delivers 31% at 6 liters / minute
Green adapter: delivers 35% at 6 liters / minute
Pink adapter: delivers 40% at 8 liters / minute
Orange adapter: delivers 50% at 8 liters / minute
, 12) asthma -- Answer ✔✔ a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways where
inflammation causes varying degrees of obstruction in the airways &
hyperactivity of the airway
13) True or False: Children ages 5-17 years had the highest current prevalence rates
compared toother age groups -- Answer ✔✔ True
14) Physiologic response of asthma -- Answer ✔✔ Bronchial smooth muscle spasm
Vascular congestion
Increased vascular permeability
Edema formation
Production of thick tenacious mucus
Impaired mucociliary function
Thickening of the airway walls
Increased contractile response of bronchus
- response results in hyper-responsiveness, epithelial cell damage and
airway obstruction; Acute Asthma Attack
15) Hyperventilation in asthma -- Answer ✔✔ - Triggered by lung receptors; due to
increased lung volume caused by air trapping and obstruction
- Gas pressures rise, causing decreased perfusion to alveoli
- Results in early hypoxemia
- Without CO2 retention, PaCO2 decreases
- pH increases leading to Respiratory Alkalosis
16) During an asthma attack, what inflammatory mediators are released? -- Answer
✔✔ Histamine
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
17) triggers/ causes of asthma -- Answer ✔✔ respiratory diseases
cold temperatures
exercise
food/drug additives
