NURN 160: PERFUSION: TEST 1 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
1) Perfusion -- Answer ✔✔ the exchange of blood, gases, and fluids between the
vessels, tissues and organ systems
2) functions of the cardiovascular system -- Answer ✔✔ Promote perfusion of
blood through body
Carry cellular wastes to excretory organs
Promote return of blood to heart for oxygenation
3) cardiovascular changes due to age -- Answer ✔✔ - Stiffening & loss of elasticity
of vessels
- Thickening of valves & muscles
- Increased size (hypertrophy) of left ventricle & atrium
- Calcification of aorta
- Decreased sensitivity of receptors: results in slow response to changes in
position (postural hypotension)
- Decreased number of cells conducting electrical impulses
- Less adaptive response to activity
4) name some diagnostic tests used for cardiovascular diseases -- Answer ✔✔ ECG
- 12 lead ECG
Doppler studies
Echocardiogram
, TEE
Angiography - supine position
CT scan - contrast
Nuclear scans
Stress Test
5) Functions of the vascular system -- Answer ✔✔ Provide the circulatory needs of
tissues
Blood flow
Capillary filtration & absorption
Hemodynamic resistance
Peripheral vascular regulating mechanisms
6) examples of arterial disorders -- Answer ✔✔ Arteriosclerosis & atherosclerosis
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease
Upper extremity arterial occlusive disease
Aortoiliac disease
Aneurysms (thoracic, abdominal, other)
Dissecting aorta
Arterial embolism & arterial thrombosis
Raynaud phenomenon
7) Atherosclerosis -- Answer ✔✔ condition in which fatty deposits called plaque
build up on the inner walls of the arteries
- plaque causes narrowing of the arteries
- Blood flow to tissues is reduced
- decreased blood flow results in decreased nutrients and oxygen to those
cells (ischemia)
- can lead to obstruction of blood flow by a thrombosis (clot), aneurysm and
cause development of peripheral stasis ulceration
8) What are the two types of atherosclerotic plaques? -- Answer ✔✔ - Fatty
streaks: yellow streaks that protrude into the vessel lumen, found in all ages
- Fibrous plaques: whitish to yellow plaques that are made of muscle cells,
collagen, plasma components & lipids, these are progressive lesions
, 9) Signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis -- Answer ✔✔ Intermittent claudication
(hallmark symptom of atherosclerosis)
- decreased organ function
- possible increased BUN and creatinine
- diminished peripheral pulses
- Decreased CRT
- Cool, pale skin
- Rubor (darkened, reddish color) usually in the lower legs
- Loss of hair on the extremities
- Brittle nails
- Dry or scaling skin
- Muscle atrophy
- Stasis ulcers: decreased peripheral wound healing
10) arteriosclerosis -- Answer ✔✔ abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or
arteries
11) complications of atherosclerosis -- Answer ✔✔ Peripheral vascular disease
(PVD)
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAD)
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Pulmonary embolus (PE)
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Venous stasis ulcers
12) labs and diagnostic tests for the vascular system -- Answer ✔✔ Doppler
ultrasound flow studies
Exercise testing
Duplex ultrasonography
Angiography & magnetic resonance angiography
Contrast phlebography (venography)
C-reactive protein
homocysteine levels
SOLUTIONS
1) Perfusion -- Answer ✔✔ the exchange of blood, gases, and fluids between the
vessels, tissues and organ systems
2) functions of the cardiovascular system -- Answer ✔✔ Promote perfusion of
blood through body
Carry cellular wastes to excretory organs
Promote return of blood to heart for oxygenation
3) cardiovascular changes due to age -- Answer ✔✔ - Stiffening & loss of elasticity
of vessels
- Thickening of valves & muscles
- Increased size (hypertrophy) of left ventricle & atrium
- Calcification of aorta
- Decreased sensitivity of receptors: results in slow response to changes in
position (postural hypotension)
- Decreased number of cells conducting electrical impulses
- Less adaptive response to activity
4) name some diagnostic tests used for cardiovascular diseases -- Answer ✔✔ ECG
- 12 lead ECG
Doppler studies
Echocardiogram
, TEE
Angiography - supine position
CT scan - contrast
Nuclear scans
Stress Test
5) Functions of the vascular system -- Answer ✔✔ Provide the circulatory needs of
tissues
Blood flow
Capillary filtration & absorption
Hemodynamic resistance
Peripheral vascular regulating mechanisms
6) examples of arterial disorders -- Answer ✔✔ Arteriosclerosis & atherosclerosis
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease
Upper extremity arterial occlusive disease
Aortoiliac disease
Aneurysms (thoracic, abdominal, other)
Dissecting aorta
Arterial embolism & arterial thrombosis
Raynaud phenomenon
7) Atherosclerosis -- Answer ✔✔ condition in which fatty deposits called plaque
build up on the inner walls of the arteries
- plaque causes narrowing of the arteries
- Blood flow to tissues is reduced
- decreased blood flow results in decreased nutrients and oxygen to those
cells (ischemia)
- can lead to obstruction of blood flow by a thrombosis (clot), aneurysm and
cause development of peripheral stasis ulceration
8) What are the two types of atherosclerotic plaques? -- Answer ✔✔ - Fatty
streaks: yellow streaks that protrude into the vessel lumen, found in all ages
- Fibrous plaques: whitish to yellow plaques that are made of muscle cells,
collagen, plasma components & lipids, these are progressive lesions
, 9) Signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis -- Answer ✔✔ Intermittent claudication
(hallmark symptom of atherosclerosis)
- decreased organ function
- possible increased BUN and creatinine
- diminished peripheral pulses
- Decreased CRT
- Cool, pale skin
- Rubor (darkened, reddish color) usually in the lower legs
- Loss of hair on the extremities
- Brittle nails
- Dry or scaling skin
- Muscle atrophy
- Stasis ulcers: decreased peripheral wound healing
10) arteriosclerosis -- Answer ✔✔ abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or
arteries
11) complications of atherosclerosis -- Answer ✔✔ Peripheral vascular disease
(PVD)
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAD)
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Pulmonary embolus (PE)
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Venous stasis ulcers
12) labs and diagnostic tests for the vascular system -- Answer ✔✔ Doppler
ultrasound flow studies
Exercise testing
Duplex ultrasonography
Angiography & magnetic resonance angiography
Contrast phlebography (venography)
C-reactive protein
homocysteine levels
