COGSCI 180 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | NEW 2026/2027 UPDATE | GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS.

COGSCI 180 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | NEW 2026/2027 UPDATE | GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS. Dissociation from the Self - ANSWER Dissociation/dissociative disorders often linked to trauma During traumatic experiences, intense desire to act happens while paralyzed with horror - body/brain "freeze" → dissociate to avoid physical/emotional pain Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - ANSWER Develops in response to a shocking/scary/dangerous event Symptoms: disturbing thoughts/feelings/dreams related to events, mental/physical distress to trauma-related cues Neurologically, PTSD characterized by: hyperarousal, dissociation, attempts to avoid trauma-related cues, negative changes in thinking and mood, increase in fight-or-flight response Dissociative aspect of trauma - ANSWER The trauma experience entails urge to take action (fight or flight) @ same time that one is paralyzed by helplessness - Sense of horror "frozen" in body → person dissociates As a result, little/no connections form between neocortex & memory storage/emotional centers (e.g., amygdala) PTSD associated with over-activation of brain's opioid system → numbing of feelings, sense of being cut off from life/concern about others' feelings 1) Somatic therapies: - In trauma, sense of horror gets "frozen" in body → person dissociates - Somatic therapies like bioenergetics, sensorimotor psychotherapy, EMDR focus on helping clients... − Reconnect w/emotions by reconnecting w/body − Express frozen emotions to foster emotional release, heal trauma. Ex: Pat Ogden case - Mindfulness therapy for treatment of trauma may work similarly Case examples of traumatic memories getting frozen in body Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) - ANSWER Patient asked to retell/reconstruct story of trauma in safe environment (play therapy for children) - Story should include emotional reactions experienced + events - Goal: put entire memory into words to capture dissociated parts from conscious recall - Memories are thereby brought more under control of neocortex - reactions they kindle can be more manageable - Also, retelling story in safety/security, with trusted therapist enables security rather than terror to be associated/connected to trauma memories Psychotherapeutic treatment for PTSD may take the form of... - ANSWER 2 forms: 1) Cognitive behavioral therapy: patient retells/reconstructs story of trauma in safe environment (play therapy for children) May need to focus more on Cognitive Behavior Therapy, relaxation techniques, or physical exercise initially, esp in cases of severe trauma Somatic therapies (methods, goals, example) - ANSWER Bioenergetics, sensorimotor psychotherapy, EMDR In trauma, horror gets "frozen" in body → person dissociates. Somatic therapies focus on helping clients... − Reconnect w/those emotions by reconnecting with the body − Express frozen emotions as a way to foster emotional release & heal trauma Ex: Pat Ogden case Mindfulness therapy for treatment of trauma may work in a similar way Case examples of traumatic memories getting frozen in body Early Philosophers' Views of the Self - ANSWER West(ancient Greeks)/East early philosophers primarily interested in questions: − How does one lead a good life? − How does one find meaning in life? Concern: thinking what is the real self & how to merge with that, no distinction btwn philosophy/religion Not interested in questions about self that modern people focus on - "Who am I"... − What is my personality like? What are my memories, goals, interests? − What is the self? Where is it in the brain? Plato's dualistic view - ANSWER • Universe = ordinary dusty world + higher realm of ideal perfection - the Forms − Forms = truth, beauty, moral goodness, eudaimonia (deeply meaningful happiness), etc. → point towards a higher dimension - nothing in ordinary world can explain So there is... − Apparent world of concrete objects, grasped by the senses, constantly changing − Forms: unchanging, unseen world of abstract objects grasped by reason World is mere shadows of the Forms Intellect is immaterial because Forms are immaterial, intellect must have affinity w/Forms it apprehends Emphasis in Platonic philosophy was on higher world of Forms to which real self belongs & merging with that The mind-body problem - ANSWER Central issue to question of "What is the self?": = mind-body problem: - What is the relationship between mind and body/brain? - Alt: What is relationship between mental and physical properties? Physical properties: public - equally observable by anyone - Some require appropriate equipment, e.g., electron microscope Mental properties: conscious mental events are private to beholder - have a privileged access that no one else has - I may be able to tell you are in pain, but only you can feel directly - Only you know how something looks to you; I can only guess Different viewpoints which developed in Western philosophy - ANSWER Monism: materialism (behaviorism, mind-brain identity theory, functionalism, computational theory of mind), idealism, transcendental idealism Dualism: Monism - ANSWER Only one kind of substance in the universe Ex: - Materialism: everything that exists is physical: behaviorism, mind-brain identity theory, functionalism, computational theory of mind - Idealism: everything is actually mind, including material world - Transcendental idealism: subtype of idealism that integrates idealism with empiricism, which emphasizes importance of sensory experience Immanuel Kant (): transcendental idealist − Wanted to find