PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 TEST BANK 2026: 100+ MOST TESTED
QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS | GRADED A+ |
GUARANTEED PASS!!
1.What causes ischemia and other toxic injuries that causes the accumulation
of intracellular calcium? (chapter 2 4th edition): Ischemia: Deficit of oxygen in the cells
(i.e., decreased blood flow due to vasoconstriction or vascular obstruction) (can lead to
hypoxia)
What is Normal? Normally, intracellular calcium ion levels are kept extremely low
compared with extracellular levels. This is maintained by energy-dependent
calcium/magnesium-ATPase.
Not Normal: Ischemia and certain toxins lead to an increase in cytosolic calcium because of
the increased influx across the cell membrane and the release of calcium from intracellular
stores (mitochondria and SER). The increased calcium may activate a number of enzymes
with potentially damaging effects. Phospholipases can damage the cell membrane.
Proteases can damage the cytoskeleton and membrane proteins. ATPases can break down
ATP. Endonucleases can fragment chromatin.
2.A client with diabetes has impiared sensation, circulation, and oxygenation of his feet. He
steps on a piece of glass, the wound does not heal, and the tissue area becomes necrotic.
The necrotic cell death is characterized by:
A) Rapid apoptosis
B) Cellular breakage
C) Shrinkage and collapse
D) Chronic inflammation: Ans: B) Cellular breakage
3. A client has been diagnosed with gram-negative pneuomonia of the lower lobe. Knowing
that gram-negative bateria have a lipopolysaccharide endotoxin on their outer cell
,membrane, the health care provider should be assessing the client for which
pathophysiological end result?
A) Damage to cellular mitochondria
B) Increased ATP levels
C) Activation of the p53 proteinD) Apoptosis: Ans: D) Apoptosis
4. A client has been brought to the emergency department with a large, gaping, wound
from a farming accident. The client is critically ill and has required blood products and
surgery to clean and close the wound. Sharing with a student nurse the steps in wound
healing, the nurse discusses the inflammatory phase, stating macrophages: Select all that
apply.
A) Release growth factors that stimulate epithelial cell growth
B) Facilitate the body's ability to grow new vessels in the injured area
C) Remove debris from the wound
D) Synthesize and secrete collagen
E) Proliferate to form the granulation tissue to serve as a foundation for scar tissue to form:
Ans: A, B, C
A) Release growth factors that stimulate epithelial cell growth
B) Facilitate the body's ability to grow new vessels in the injured area
C) Remove debris from the wound
5. A client underwent an open cholecystectomy 4 days ago, and her incision is now in the
proliferative phase of healing. What is the dominant cellular process that characterizes this
phase of the client's healing?
A) Hemostasis and vasoconstriction
B) Keloid formation
C) Collagen secretion by fibroblasts
D) Phagocytosis by neutrophils: Ans: C) Collagen secretion by fibroblasts
6. Epithelialization, the first component of the proliferative phase of wound healing, is
delayed in open wounds until what type of tissue has formed?
A) Granulation tissue
B) Fibrinous meshwork
C) Capillary circulation
D) Collagenous layers: Ans: A) Granulation tissue
,7. A client presents to the clinic with a swollen, painful "hang nail" on the index finger.
There is a large pustule over the site that needs to be lanced. The health care worker knows
that which mediator of inflammation causes this increase in capillary permeability and
pain?
A) Serotonin
B) Histamine
C) Bradykinin
D) Nitric oxide: Ans: C) Bradykinin
Feedback: Bradykinin causes increased capillary permeability and pain. Serotonin and
histamine are released by the mast cell degranulation. Histamine causes arteriole
dilation and increased permeability of venules. Serotonin has actions similar to those of
histamine. Nitric oxide relaxes smooth muscle and reduces platelet aggregation and
adhesion.
8. Following a kitchen accident with a knife, the client's cut has experienced a decrease in
the amount of bleeding and has developed a clot. The nurse knows this is primarily a result
of humoral control of blood flow with the release of: A) Histamine
B) Bradykinin
C) Serotonin
D) Prostaglandin E2: Ans: C) Serotonin
Feedback: Serotonin release causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels and plays a major
role in control of bleeding.
Histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandin E2 cause vasodilation of blood vessels.
9. A client who lives with angina pectoris has taken a sublingual dose of nitroglycerin to
treat the chest pain he experiences while mowing his lawn. This drug facilitates release of
nitric oxide, which will have what physiologic effect?
A) Smooth muscle relaxation of vessels
B) Decreased heart rate and increased stroke volume
C) Increased preload
D) Reduction of cardiac refractory periods: Ans: A) Smooth muscle relaxation of vessels
, Feedback: Nitroglycerin produces its effects by releasing nitric oxide in vascular smooth
muscle of the target tissues, resulting in relaxation of this muscle and increased blood
flow. This drug does not decrease heart rate. Because it vasodilates, it decreases preload.
Nitroglycerine does not affect cardiac refractory periods.
10. Which of the following clients would be an example of cellular atrophy? A) A
middle-aged femal experiencing menopause due to loss of estrogen stimulation
B) A postnephrectomy client whose remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for the loss
C) A hypertensive, noncompliant client who has developed a progressive in-crease in left
ventricular mass
D) A female client with the change in uterine size as a result of pregnancy: Ans:
A) A middle-aged femal experiencing menopause due to loss of estrogen stimulation
11. A client has experienced significant decreases in mobility and stamina during a 3-week
hospital stay for the treatment of femoral head fracture. Which of the following
phenomena most likely accounts for the client's decrease in muscle function?
A) Impiared muscle cell metabolism resulting from metaplasia
B) Dysplasia as a consequence of inflammation during bone remodeling
C) Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility
D) Ischemic atrophy resulting from vascular changes while on bedrest: Ans: C)
Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility
12. The client is found to have liver disease, resulting in the removal of a lobe of his liver.
Adaptation to be reduced size of the liver leads to which phenomenon in the remaining
liver cells?
A) Metaplasia
B) Organ atrophy
C) Compensatory hyperplasia
D) Physiologic hypertrophy: Ans: C) Compensatory hyperplasia
13. A client presents for a scheduled Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. The clinician who will
interpret the smear will examine cell samples for evidence of:
A) Changes in cell shape, size, and organization
B) The presence of unexpected cell types
C) Ischemic changes in cell samples
QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS | GRADED A+ |
GUARANTEED PASS!!
1.What causes ischemia and other toxic injuries that causes the accumulation
of intracellular calcium? (chapter 2 4th edition): Ischemia: Deficit of oxygen in the cells
(i.e., decreased blood flow due to vasoconstriction or vascular obstruction) (can lead to
hypoxia)
What is Normal? Normally, intracellular calcium ion levels are kept extremely low
compared with extracellular levels. This is maintained by energy-dependent
calcium/magnesium-ATPase.
Not Normal: Ischemia and certain toxins lead to an increase in cytosolic calcium because of
the increased influx across the cell membrane and the release of calcium from intracellular
stores (mitochondria and SER). The increased calcium may activate a number of enzymes
with potentially damaging effects. Phospholipases can damage the cell membrane.
Proteases can damage the cytoskeleton and membrane proteins. ATPases can break down
ATP. Endonucleases can fragment chromatin.
2.A client with diabetes has impiared sensation, circulation, and oxygenation of his feet. He
steps on a piece of glass, the wound does not heal, and the tissue area becomes necrotic.
The necrotic cell death is characterized by:
A) Rapid apoptosis
B) Cellular breakage
C) Shrinkage and collapse
D) Chronic inflammation: Ans: B) Cellular breakage
3. A client has been diagnosed with gram-negative pneuomonia of the lower lobe. Knowing
that gram-negative bateria have a lipopolysaccharide endotoxin on their outer cell
,membrane, the health care provider should be assessing the client for which
pathophysiological end result?
A) Damage to cellular mitochondria
B) Increased ATP levels
C) Activation of the p53 proteinD) Apoptosis: Ans: D) Apoptosis
4. A client has been brought to the emergency department with a large, gaping, wound
from a farming accident. The client is critically ill and has required blood products and
surgery to clean and close the wound. Sharing with a student nurse the steps in wound
healing, the nurse discusses the inflammatory phase, stating macrophages: Select all that
apply.
A) Release growth factors that stimulate epithelial cell growth
B) Facilitate the body's ability to grow new vessels in the injured area
C) Remove debris from the wound
D) Synthesize and secrete collagen
E) Proliferate to form the granulation tissue to serve as a foundation for scar tissue to form:
Ans: A, B, C
A) Release growth factors that stimulate epithelial cell growth
B) Facilitate the body's ability to grow new vessels in the injured area
C) Remove debris from the wound
5. A client underwent an open cholecystectomy 4 days ago, and her incision is now in the
proliferative phase of healing. What is the dominant cellular process that characterizes this
phase of the client's healing?
A) Hemostasis and vasoconstriction
B) Keloid formation
C) Collagen secretion by fibroblasts
D) Phagocytosis by neutrophils: Ans: C) Collagen secretion by fibroblasts
6. Epithelialization, the first component of the proliferative phase of wound healing, is
delayed in open wounds until what type of tissue has formed?
A) Granulation tissue
B) Fibrinous meshwork
C) Capillary circulation
D) Collagenous layers: Ans: A) Granulation tissue
,7. A client presents to the clinic with a swollen, painful "hang nail" on the index finger.
There is a large pustule over the site that needs to be lanced. The health care worker knows
that which mediator of inflammation causes this increase in capillary permeability and
pain?
A) Serotonin
B) Histamine
C) Bradykinin
D) Nitric oxide: Ans: C) Bradykinin
Feedback: Bradykinin causes increased capillary permeability and pain. Serotonin and
histamine are released by the mast cell degranulation. Histamine causes arteriole
dilation and increased permeability of venules. Serotonin has actions similar to those of
histamine. Nitric oxide relaxes smooth muscle and reduces platelet aggregation and
adhesion.
8. Following a kitchen accident with a knife, the client's cut has experienced a decrease in
the amount of bleeding and has developed a clot. The nurse knows this is primarily a result
of humoral control of blood flow with the release of: A) Histamine
B) Bradykinin
C) Serotonin
D) Prostaglandin E2: Ans: C) Serotonin
Feedback: Serotonin release causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels and plays a major
role in control of bleeding.
Histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandin E2 cause vasodilation of blood vessels.
9. A client who lives with angina pectoris has taken a sublingual dose of nitroglycerin to
treat the chest pain he experiences while mowing his lawn. This drug facilitates release of
nitric oxide, which will have what physiologic effect?
A) Smooth muscle relaxation of vessels
B) Decreased heart rate and increased stroke volume
C) Increased preload
D) Reduction of cardiac refractory periods: Ans: A) Smooth muscle relaxation of vessels
, Feedback: Nitroglycerin produces its effects by releasing nitric oxide in vascular smooth
muscle of the target tissues, resulting in relaxation of this muscle and increased blood
flow. This drug does not decrease heart rate. Because it vasodilates, it decreases preload.
Nitroglycerine does not affect cardiac refractory periods.
10. Which of the following clients would be an example of cellular atrophy? A) A
middle-aged femal experiencing menopause due to loss of estrogen stimulation
B) A postnephrectomy client whose remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for the loss
C) A hypertensive, noncompliant client who has developed a progressive in-crease in left
ventricular mass
D) A female client with the change in uterine size as a result of pregnancy: Ans:
A) A middle-aged femal experiencing menopause due to loss of estrogen stimulation
11. A client has experienced significant decreases in mobility and stamina during a 3-week
hospital stay for the treatment of femoral head fracture. Which of the following
phenomena most likely accounts for the client's decrease in muscle function?
A) Impiared muscle cell metabolism resulting from metaplasia
B) Dysplasia as a consequence of inflammation during bone remodeling
C) Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility
D) Ischemic atrophy resulting from vascular changes while on bedrest: Ans: C)
Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility
12. The client is found to have liver disease, resulting in the removal of a lobe of his liver.
Adaptation to be reduced size of the liver leads to which phenomenon in the remaining
liver cells?
A) Metaplasia
B) Organ atrophy
C) Compensatory hyperplasia
D) Physiologic hypertrophy: Ans: C) Compensatory hyperplasia
13. A client presents for a scheduled Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. The clinician who will
interpret the smear will examine cell samples for evidence of:
A) Changes in cell shape, size, and organization
B) The presence of unexpected cell types
C) Ischemic changes in cell samples
