PATHO PHARMACOLOGY I FINAL EXAM 222
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025/2026
How the body affects or changes drugs - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What is
pharmacokinetics?
How drugs affect or change the body - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What is
pharmacodynamics?
-theoretically perfect -> not possible
-3 important properties of an ideal drug
1) effectiveness
2) safety
3) selectivity - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: Ideal drug (and what are the 3 important
properties of an ideal drug)
The therapeutic objective of drug therapy is to provide maximum benefit with
minimum harm. - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What is the therapeutic objective of
drug therapy?
1) right patient
2) right drug
3) right time
4) right dose
,5) right route - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: Safe drug administration: What are the 5
rights of medical administration?
-Pre-assessment: goal is to gather data needed for (1) evaluation of therapeutic
and adverse effects, (2) identification of high-risk patients, and (3) assessment of
the patient's capacity for self-care
-Post-assessment: the objective is to evaluate (1) therapeutic responses, (2)
adverse reactions and interactions, (3) patient adherence, and (4) patient
satisfaction with treatment - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: Safe drug administration:
What is pre-assessment and post assessment?
Do not administer any drug if you do not understand the reason for its use -
CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What is the most important consideration when giving
a drug?
1) chemical name
2) generic name
3) trade name - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What are the drug name categories?
-measure of a drug's safety
-the ratio of the drug's LD50 (average lethal dose to 50% of the animals treated) to
its ED50 (effective dose for 50% of the sample)
-Drug dosing objective: maintain plasma drug levels within the therapeutic range -
> plasma drug level between MEC (minimum effective concentration) and toxic
concentration
-the larger/higher the therapeutic index, the safer the drug
,-the smaller/lower the therapeutic index, the less safe the drug - CORRECT
ANSWER Unit 1: What is therapeutic range/index?
It is defined as the time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease
by 50% - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What is half-life?
1) absorption: the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the
blood (time and intensity of effect)
2) distribution: drug movement from the blood to the interstitial space of tissues
and from there into cells (blood flow, ability to exit the blood vessels, ability to
enter cells)
3) metabolism: the chemical alteration of drug structure (liver)
4) excretion: the removal of drugs from the body (kidney) - CORRECT ANSWER
Unit 1: What are the 4 basic pharmacologic processes?
-allergies: an adverse drug reaction (i.e. rash) mediated by an immune response
-ADR (adverse drug reaction): harm directly caused by the drug at normal doses,
during normal use - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What are allergies and ADRs?
Liver: 90% of oral drugs are metabolized and destroyed by the liver before they
even get to the intended site of action - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What is the
first pass effect?
-hydrophilic (water soluble, water loving, dissolves in water)
-lipophilic (lipid soluble, fat-loving, dissolves in fat)
, -NOTE: cell membranes are composed primarily of lipids; therefore, to directly
penetrate membranes, a drug must be lipid soluble (lip-ophitic) - CORRECT
ANSWER Unit 1: What are hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs?
-Enteral: Oral (PO: Per So or "by mouth") = GI tract drug route = tablets, enteric-
coated preparations, sustained-release preparations
-Parenteral: drug routes outside the GI tract
1) Intravenous (IV): irreversible, expensive, inconvenient, difficult, water soluble
2) Intramuscular (IM): depot preparations (extended drug release), poorly soluble
3) Subcutaneous (sub cut): no significant barriers to absorption - CORRECT
ANSWER Unit 1: Enteral vs. Parenteral
1) Continuous capillary: nervous system and muscle -> has tight junctions that are
very difficult to cross and are part of the blood-brain-barrier
2) Fenestrated capillary: glomerular and gut mucosa -> gaps between cells get
wider as you go from the gut and nephrons to the liver and bone marrow
3) Discontinuous capillary: liver and marrow-Importance: this is how drugs travel
through the body - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What are the differences between
the 3 different types of capillaries and why is this important?
-Positive feedback: process in which the end products of an action cause more of
that action to occur in a feedback loop -> CHANGES
-Negative feedback: when the end results of an action inhibit that action from
continuing to occur -> MAINTAINS
-ANOTHER EXPLANATION: "Positive feedback occurs to increase the change or
output: the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more quickly.
Negative feedback occurs to reduce the change or output: the result of a reaction
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025/2026
How the body affects or changes drugs - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What is
pharmacokinetics?
How drugs affect or change the body - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What is
pharmacodynamics?
-theoretically perfect -> not possible
-3 important properties of an ideal drug
1) effectiveness
2) safety
3) selectivity - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: Ideal drug (and what are the 3 important
properties of an ideal drug)
The therapeutic objective of drug therapy is to provide maximum benefit with
minimum harm. - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What is the therapeutic objective of
drug therapy?
1) right patient
2) right drug
3) right time
4) right dose
,5) right route - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: Safe drug administration: What are the 5
rights of medical administration?
-Pre-assessment: goal is to gather data needed for (1) evaluation of therapeutic
and adverse effects, (2) identification of high-risk patients, and (3) assessment of
the patient's capacity for self-care
-Post-assessment: the objective is to evaluate (1) therapeutic responses, (2)
adverse reactions and interactions, (3) patient adherence, and (4) patient
satisfaction with treatment - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: Safe drug administration:
What is pre-assessment and post assessment?
Do not administer any drug if you do not understand the reason for its use -
CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What is the most important consideration when giving
a drug?
1) chemical name
2) generic name
3) trade name - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What are the drug name categories?
-measure of a drug's safety
-the ratio of the drug's LD50 (average lethal dose to 50% of the animals treated) to
its ED50 (effective dose for 50% of the sample)
-Drug dosing objective: maintain plasma drug levels within the therapeutic range -
> plasma drug level between MEC (minimum effective concentration) and toxic
concentration
-the larger/higher the therapeutic index, the safer the drug
,-the smaller/lower the therapeutic index, the less safe the drug - CORRECT
ANSWER Unit 1: What is therapeutic range/index?
It is defined as the time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease
by 50% - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What is half-life?
1) absorption: the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the
blood (time and intensity of effect)
2) distribution: drug movement from the blood to the interstitial space of tissues
and from there into cells (blood flow, ability to exit the blood vessels, ability to
enter cells)
3) metabolism: the chemical alteration of drug structure (liver)
4) excretion: the removal of drugs from the body (kidney) - CORRECT ANSWER
Unit 1: What are the 4 basic pharmacologic processes?
-allergies: an adverse drug reaction (i.e. rash) mediated by an immune response
-ADR (adverse drug reaction): harm directly caused by the drug at normal doses,
during normal use - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What are allergies and ADRs?
Liver: 90% of oral drugs are metabolized and destroyed by the liver before they
even get to the intended site of action - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What is the
first pass effect?
-hydrophilic (water soluble, water loving, dissolves in water)
-lipophilic (lipid soluble, fat-loving, dissolves in fat)
, -NOTE: cell membranes are composed primarily of lipids; therefore, to directly
penetrate membranes, a drug must be lipid soluble (lip-ophitic) - CORRECT
ANSWER Unit 1: What are hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs?
-Enteral: Oral (PO: Per So or "by mouth") = GI tract drug route = tablets, enteric-
coated preparations, sustained-release preparations
-Parenteral: drug routes outside the GI tract
1) Intravenous (IV): irreversible, expensive, inconvenient, difficult, water soluble
2) Intramuscular (IM): depot preparations (extended drug release), poorly soluble
3) Subcutaneous (sub cut): no significant barriers to absorption - CORRECT
ANSWER Unit 1: Enteral vs. Parenteral
1) Continuous capillary: nervous system and muscle -> has tight junctions that are
very difficult to cross and are part of the blood-brain-barrier
2) Fenestrated capillary: glomerular and gut mucosa -> gaps between cells get
wider as you go from the gut and nephrons to the liver and bone marrow
3) Discontinuous capillary: liver and marrow-Importance: this is how drugs travel
through the body - CORRECT ANSWER Unit 1: What are the differences between
the 3 different types of capillaries and why is this important?
-Positive feedback: process in which the end products of an action cause more of
that action to occur in a feedback loop -> CHANGES
-Negative feedback: when the end results of an action inhibit that action from
continuing to occur -> MAINTAINS
-ANOTHER EXPLANATION: "Positive feedback occurs to increase the change or
output: the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more quickly.
Negative feedback occurs to reduce the change or output: the result of a reaction
