Bio 105 GVSU Final Exam Questions
And 100% Accurate Answers 2025-
2026 Updated.
Environment - Answer All "natural" living and non-living things and their interactions with
one another
Science - Answer Observation, description, investigation, and explanation of phenomena (○A
process, NOT a system of belief)
Environmental Science - Answer The observation, description, investigation, and explanation
of all living and non-living things and their interactions with on another.
2 forms of Direct Use Value - Answer Consumptive use
and
Productive use
Consumptive use - Answer Hunters, fishermen, gatherers ---- Not directly valued
Productive use - Answer Commercial harvest such as commercial fishing/ charter fishing
(Directly valued)
Indirect Use Value - Answer Not directly valued
Non-consumptive use values - Answer Ecosystem goods and services
Option value - Answer Option for future undiscovered use
Existence value - Answer Polar bears and Mountain gorillas (think preventing extinction of
species)
Aesthetic value - Answer any reason that relates to beauty or other appealing features
Environmental Ethics - Answer How we value and perceive our environment. It influences
our decisions and actions. (Economic development vs environmental health)
,Anthropocentrism - Answer Human centered view of our relationship with the environment
Ex: Mine vs nature preserve
Biocentricism - Answer viewpoint where value is placed on certain living things. Human and
nonhuman life have ethical standing
Ecocentrism - Answer viewpoint that judges actions based on their effects on whole
ecological systems
2 Broad Approaches to Science - Answer Reductionist
and
Holistic
reductionist approach - Answer Breaking a complex phenomena into smaller parts to better
understand it. (Small focused questions) Ex: What is the King salmon life cycle?
Holistic Approach - Answer Properties emerge from complex systems and so cannot be
understood by isolating each part (Large scale questions) ex. Why did the King salmon disappear
from Lake Huron?
2 viewpoints of how the universe is set up - Answer Geocentric-earth in the middle of
everything and universe revolves around the earth
vs.
Heliocentric-sun is in the middle of everything and universe revolves around the sun
Occam's Razor - Answer The simplest explanation is usually correct
different scientific assumptions - Answer ●The world is knowable. We can make sense of the
processes that shape our environment.
●Patterns and principles that define our world are uniform.
○C14 half life is 5,730 years
●Occam's razor
○The simplest explanation is usually correct.
●Change in knowledge will always occur
○Behind the Curve
●Science is falsifiable and does not provide absolute proof
, Scientific Method Steps - Answer Observations
Questions
Hypothesis
Predictions
Test
Results
Scientific Process - Answer 1. Scientific method
(objective not subjective)
2. Peer review
(faults in experiment and/or alternative interpretation)
3. Replication
(repetition of your experiments)
Things to look for to avoid Pseudoscience - Answer -transparency (equipment and
techniques fully reported?)
-repeatability (easily replicated?)
Objectivity (no bias?)
-has it made it thru the 3 filters?
two main Types of studies - Answer Manipulative
Observational
Manipulative - Answer Researchers alter single independent variables to observe changes in
a dependent variable.
Preferred for determining correlations between phenomena
Observational - Answer researchers document phenomena without manipulation
Less preferred, but useful in documenting complex phenomena
2 main scientific controversies - Answer 1. Climate Change
2. Evolution
Evolution - Answer ●The Unifying Theme of Biology
●1859 - The Origin of Species
And 100% Accurate Answers 2025-
2026 Updated.
Environment - Answer All "natural" living and non-living things and their interactions with
one another
Science - Answer Observation, description, investigation, and explanation of phenomena (○A
process, NOT a system of belief)
Environmental Science - Answer The observation, description, investigation, and explanation
of all living and non-living things and their interactions with on another.
2 forms of Direct Use Value - Answer Consumptive use
and
Productive use
Consumptive use - Answer Hunters, fishermen, gatherers ---- Not directly valued
Productive use - Answer Commercial harvest such as commercial fishing/ charter fishing
(Directly valued)
Indirect Use Value - Answer Not directly valued
Non-consumptive use values - Answer Ecosystem goods and services
Option value - Answer Option for future undiscovered use
Existence value - Answer Polar bears and Mountain gorillas (think preventing extinction of
species)
Aesthetic value - Answer any reason that relates to beauty or other appealing features
Environmental Ethics - Answer How we value and perceive our environment. It influences
our decisions and actions. (Economic development vs environmental health)
,Anthropocentrism - Answer Human centered view of our relationship with the environment
Ex: Mine vs nature preserve
Biocentricism - Answer viewpoint where value is placed on certain living things. Human and
nonhuman life have ethical standing
Ecocentrism - Answer viewpoint that judges actions based on their effects on whole
ecological systems
2 Broad Approaches to Science - Answer Reductionist
and
Holistic
reductionist approach - Answer Breaking a complex phenomena into smaller parts to better
understand it. (Small focused questions) Ex: What is the King salmon life cycle?
Holistic Approach - Answer Properties emerge from complex systems and so cannot be
understood by isolating each part (Large scale questions) ex. Why did the King salmon disappear
from Lake Huron?
2 viewpoints of how the universe is set up - Answer Geocentric-earth in the middle of
everything and universe revolves around the earth
vs.
Heliocentric-sun is in the middle of everything and universe revolves around the sun
Occam's Razor - Answer The simplest explanation is usually correct
different scientific assumptions - Answer ●The world is knowable. We can make sense of the
processes that shape our environment.
●Patterns and principles that define our world are uniform.
○C14 half life is 5,730 years
●Occam's razor
○The simplest explanation is usually correct.
●Change in knowledge will always occur
○Behind the Curve
●Science is falsifiable and does not provide absolute proof
, Scientific Method Steps - Answer Observations
Questions
Hypothesis
Predictions
Test
Results
Scientific Process - Answer 1. Scientific method
(objective not subjective)
2. Peer review
(faults in experiment and/or alternative interpretation)
3. Replication
(repetition of your experiments)
Things to look for to avoid Pseudoscience - Answer -transparency (equipment and
techniques fully reported?)
-repeatability (easily replicated?)
Objectivity (no bias?)
-has it made it thru the 3 filters?
two main Types of studies - Answer Manipulative
Observational
Manipulative - Answer Researchers alter single independent variables to observe changes in
a dependent variable.
Preferred for determining correlations between phenomena
Observational - Answer researchers document phenomena without manipulation
Less preferred, but useful in documenting complex phenomena
2 main scientific controversies - Answer 1. Climate Change
2. Evolution
Evolution - Answer ●The Unifying Theme of Biology
●1859 - The Origin of Species
