Cancer Biology Exam – Immunosurveillance, CAR-T Therapy & Cancer Risk Factors|Questions Provided with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026

Cancer Biology Exam – Immunosurveillance, CAR-T Therapy & Cancer Risk Factors|Questions Provided with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 Warburg Effect The preference of cancer cells for aerobic glycolysis, converting glucose to lactate even in the presence of oxygen. FDG-PET scan Uses fluorodeoxyglucose to detect tumors based on high glucose uptake; FDG is phosphorylated and trapped in cancer cells. CT Scan Imaging using X-rays and computer processing to detect tumors. Alcohol and breast cancer Alcohol increases estrogen, reduces folate, increases oxidative stress, causing ~15% increased risk with 3 drinks/week. Folate and cancer Folate is needed for DNA methylation; alcohol reduces synthesis and absorption leading to DNA damage. Obesity and cancer Increased adipose raises hormone levels and inflammation, raising cancer risk. Dark chocolate Contains antioxidants and fewer calories than milk chocolate. Rice arsenic risk Southern US rice has higher arsenic; cook in excess water and drain to reduce arsenic. Vitamin D and cancer May reduce colorectal cancer risk through effects on Wnt signaling. Yogurt and cancer Supports microbiome and reduces intestinal cancer risk. Humoral immunity B cells and antibodies; less important for cancer control. Cell-mediated immunity T cells and NK cells; primary mechanism for killing cancer cells. Immunosurveillance Immune system constantly monitors and removes abnormal cells. Immunogenicity Ability of a tumor to trigger an immune response. 3 E's of Immunoediting Elimination, Equilibrium, Escape. Elimination phase Immune system destroys tumor cells using T cells, NK cells, cytokines. Equilibrium phase Immune system holds tumor in dormancy; tumor mutates.