Civil Rights Act (1866)
● Defined citizenship and confirmed all
citizens are equally protected under the
RECONSTRUCTION + law regardless of class and race
NEW SOUTH 14th Amendment
Lost Cause Mythology ● Joint Committee of Reconstruction
● Romanticized Confederate role in war by passed amendment defining citizenship
reshaping its cause as “states rights and ● Everyone born in the US, and everyone
honor.” Honored Robert E Lee as a naturalized, was automatically a citizen
symbol and entitled to all the “privileges and
immunities” guaranteed by the
Bayonet Rule (1865-1877) Constitution.
● Federal troops were established to ● Former members of Congress that aided
protect the freed African Americans, Confederacy were prohibited from
protecting 13th, 14th and 15th holding office until ⅔ voted to pardon
Amendment
● Eventually ended with Hayes election Tenure of Office Act (1867)
● Passed by Radical Republicans to restrict
Wade-Davis Bill president from removing Senate
● Reconstruction plan made by Radical confirmed Cabinet members without
Republicans Senate approval
● Required former Confederate white male ● Designed to protect Secretary of War
voters to swear an Ironclad Oath to the Edwin Stanton
Union before readmission (50%) of them ● The executive gov had always had power
● Lincoln vetoed this to remove cabinet members
Black Codes (1865-1866) Andrew Johnson
● State legislatures enacted these to give ● Part of the Republican party. Openly
white people control over former slaves hostile to freed slaves
● Local officials could apprehend ● His plan resembled the Wade-Davis one
unemployed African Americans, fine closely. Yet Radical Republicans did not
them for vagrancy (homeless life), and accept his government
hire them out to private employers to ● Congress banned Southern
pay off the fine Congressional delegates
● Forbids blacks to own or lease farms or ● Joint Committee on Reconstruction
restrict jobs to just plantation created
workers/domestic servants ● Feb 1866: Johnson vetoes extending the
life of Freedmen Bureau because it
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) wanted to nullify work agreements
● US gov agency created to help poor forced on freedmen.
whites and formerly enslaved people ○ Congress overrode it
adjust to freedom by providing food, ● Johnson vetoes Civil Rights Act
housing, education, etc ○ Congress also overrode (first
● Faced many limitations from Congress major legislation in US to be
due to funding cuts overrode)
● Rejected Tenure of Office Act, leading to
his impeachment
● He pardoned Confederates unless they
were above a certain wealth class, and in
, that case he made them write a letter Grant Administration (good)
and beg ● Enforcement Acts: Used federal force
○ Nathan Bedford Forrest: birth of against KKK
KKK (good counterclaim to the ○ Used to protect 15th Amendment:
pardoning) gave black people the right to
vote
Thomas Nast ● Created Department of Justice -> to
● Famous cartoonist prosecute terrorist campaigns killing
● Fiercely against Johnson and portrayed black people and white Republicans
him as a King ● Suspended habeus corpus and breaks
● New Orleans Riot: 38 African Americans back of KKK
killed with 46 wounded ● Pushed Republicans to vote for 15th
● Also criticized Johnson’s leniency in Amendment
pardoning Confederates ● Pushed for Civil rights Act of 1875
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers Civil Rights Act of 1875
● Scalawags: Southern white Republicans ● Crime for any individual to deny full and
who believed Republican Party would = use of public spaces
serve their economic interests the best ● Lacked enforcement
● Carpetbaggers: White men from North ○ Southerners would bar black
being Republican leads (many former people from places such as the
Union soldiers), seeing the South as a theaters or train. Worked around
new frontier and helping modernize it by placing them at the back.
them ● 1883: Supreme Court Justice declared
○ STEREOTYPE: penniless the act unconstitutional, destroying the
adventurers carrying possessions act
in a cheap carpetbag, carried by
Southern people Colfax Massacre (1873)
● Black Republicans occupied courthouse
Grant Administration (Negatives) to protect it from white supremacist
● Stereotypical image of him as a mobs
carpetbagger ● 150 dead
● Surrounded himself with corrupt ● Grant sent federal troops and arrested
politicians (naive) people from the mob
○ Credit Mobilier Scandal: fake ● However in 1876 case US vs Cruikshank,
construction company that the Supreme Court ruled the
overcharged Union Pacific Enforcement Acts only applied to actions
Railroad Company, essentially from state, not individual, thus
using up government funds. To overturned the convictions for the white
ensure money was flowing, they mobs
bribed politicians with stocks, Fall of Northern Support for Reconstruction
including the Speaker of the ● “Grantism” and corruption
House and VP ● Panic of 1873 (6 yr depression)
○ Whiskey Ring Scandal: ● 20% of businesses failed
indulgence of tax revenues ● 14% unemployment
among politicians ● ¼ of railroads failed
● Literally became poor because he
trusted the wrong person. Mark Twain Role of Women
helped Grant publish his memoirs, ● Formed Daughters of Confederacy
allowing him to get back money
, ● Pushed for Lost Cause Mythology, “Cult ○ First African American to serve US
of Lee” House of Representatives
● Put memorials in parks and roads to ● Blanche K Bruce
teach future generation ○ Represented MS as a Senator
● Work with children by changing their ○ His signature was on the
textbooks American currency
● Censorship of Northern history ○ Appointed as Register of the
● Children Confederacy also made Treasury by President Garfield
● There were 14 Black Congressmen and 2
LIST OF PEOPLE Black Senators
● Rutherford B Hayes (1876 Presidential ● Historic Black Colleges made
Ticket)
○ “Rutherfraud” due to his election Fisk Jubilee Singers (1873)
scandal ● Black choir from University of Fisk to
○ Lost popular vote to Samuel raise funds for institution
Telden, leading to a partisan ● Challenged black stereotypes
Electoral Commission (8
Republicans and 7 Dems) Minstrel Shows
awarding Hayes 20 disputed ● Everyone watched them
votes ● Black people were seen as difficult to
○ WOMLEY HOTEL COMPROMISE:: understand (malapropism)
to stop Democrat filibuster, he ● Made northerns black and speak in a
agreed to remove federal troops certain way to make people laugh
from the South. But also agreed ● Depicted these people as dumb
to give internal improvements,
federal aid for railroads and Bourbon Rule
federal patronage in South ● White Southerners never changed their
○ Failed to implement mindset, even with all these acts they
improvements for African still wanted to go back to their roots
Americans
● Hiram R Revels Voting Restrictions
○ Elected to the US Senate from MS ● Literacy tests with esoteric knowledge
to fill in Jefferson Davis’s seat allowed them to get past 15th
● Robert Smalls Amendment, but b/c poor whites were
○ Black politician who helped with failing too, this led to Grandfather Clause
educational reform ○ Poor white voters or illiterate ones
● Scalawags + Carpetbaggers + blacks could bypass literacy tests if their
○ Formed coalition for educational ancestors had voted before Civil
reform War, excluding black citizens with
○ Built orphanages, rebuilt railroads enslaved ancestors
and buildings of the South ● South passed new state constitution
● John Roy Lynch disenfranchising black voters, with MS as
○ Wrote about the Facts of one of the first ones
Reconstruction and described
how black politicians being Sharecropping
incompetent was false ● Farmers work on planters land and in
■ Reconstruction - 1500 exchange farmers give a major share of
black officials their crops. Kept farmers in debt.
● Joseph Rainey
, Convict Leasing would blame Chinese laborers for
● State governments leased incarcerated being the root of these problems
people to private companies and ● Most Chinese laborers had come
individuals for forced labor without any because of the California Gold Rush in
pay mining. Eventually they became key in
● Money went directly to the state the construction of the transcontinental
railroad
1896- Plessy v Ferguson
● Plessy was ⅛ black (octaroon) (One Drop Page Act (1875)
Rule) ● Prohibited the immigration of any
○ Just to know the Nazi Nuremberg women from Asia involved in prostitution
laws were less stricter than this, ● Population control method because less
they got inspo from Jim Crow women means less procreation thus less
laws Chinese families
● He refused to vacate the white only car,
breaking Separate Car Act and leading to Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
arrest
● First American law directly restricting
● Challenged 14th Amendment
immigration of a specific group
○ Stated that social violations do
● Banned chinese laborers for 10 years
not concern this amendment
● Made Chinese residents ineligible for US
● Legitimized Jim Crow laws (separate but
citizenship
equal)
Lynching Rocks Springs Massacre (1885)
● 237 lynchings in Arkansas ● White laborers were angered by the
● Originally claimed this was because Chinese because they were willing to
“black men were sexual predators to work for lower wages
white woman” ● In Chinatown, between 100-150 white
● Ida B Wells: figured out the root cause men charged for them.
was actually economic competition ● The Chinese were fatally wounded.
● Emmett Till Case: accused of whistling at ● Businesses and property of the Chinese
a white woman -> wrapped his head destroyed
around a cotton gin and drowned him ● Yet perpetrators barely faced
consequences
CONQUEST OF THE FAR Geary Act (1892)
WEST ● A photo ID had to be carried by all
Chinese immigrants or else they’d face
deportation
George Kearney "Chinese Must Go"
● Without the ID, the only way they would
Workingmen's Party
be able to stay was if there was a white
● Kearny was leader of the Workingmen’s witness
Party of CA ● Chinese Americans resist getting the
● Represented white laboring class, so he certificate, and China boycotts trade with
blamed elites and Chinese immigrants America in 1905 as retaliation
for their struggles ○ 100,000 refused to get certificate,
○ So even though he attacked but lost in court
corporations and monopolies, he Wong Kim Ark (1898)
● Defined citizenship and confirmed all
citizens are equally protected under the
RECONSTRUCTION + law regardless of class and race
NEW SOUTH 14th Amendment
Lost Cause Mythology ● Joint Committee of Reconstruction
● Romanticized Confederate role in war by passed amendment defining citizenship
reshaping its cause as “states rights and ● Everyone born in the US, and everyone
honor.” Honored Robert E Lee as a naturalized, was automatically a citizen
symbol and entitled to all the “privileges and
immunities” guaranteed by the
Bayonet Rule (1865-1877) Constitution.
● Federal troops were established to ● Former members of Congress that aided
protect the freed African Americans, Confederacy were prohibited from
protecting 13th, 14th and 15th holding office until ⅔ voted to pardon
Amendment
● Eventually ended with Hayes election Tenure of Office Act (1867)
● Passed by Radical Republicans to restrict
Wade-Davis Bill president from removing Senate
● Reconstruction plan made by Radical confirmed Cabinet members without
Republicans Senate approval
● Required former Confederate white male ● Designed to protect Secretary of War
voters to swear an Ironclad Oath to the Edwin Stanton
Union before readmission (50%) of them ● The executive gov had always had power
● Lincoln vetoed this to remove cabinet members
Black Codes (1865-1866) Andrew Johnson
● State legislatures enacted these to give ● Part of the Republican party. Openly
white people control over former slaves hostile to freed slaves
● Local officials could apprehend ● His plan resembled the Wade-Davis one
unemployed African Americans, fine closely. Yet Radical Republicans did not
them for vagrancy (homeless life), and accept his government
hire them out to private employers to ● Congress banned Southern
pay off the fine Congressional delegates
● Forbids blacks to own or lease farms or ● Joint Committee on Reconstruction
restrict jobs to just plantation created
workers/domestic servants ● Feb 1866: Johnson vetoes extending the
life of Freedmen Bureau because it
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) wanted to nullify work agreements
● US gov agency created to help poor forced on freedmen.
whites and formerly enslaved people ○ Congress overrode it
adjust to freedom by providing food, ● Johnson vetoes Civil Rights Act
housing, education, etc ○ Congress also overrode (first
● Faced many limitations from Congress major legislation in US to be
due to funding cuts overrode)
● Rejected Tenure of Office Act, leading to
his impeachment
● He pardoned Confederates unless they
were above a certain wealth class, and in
, that case he made them write a letter Grant Administration (good)
and beg ● Enforcement Acts: Used federal force
○ Nathan Bedford Forrest: birth of against KKK
KKK (good counterclaim to the ○ Used to protect 15th Amendment:
pardoning) gave black people the right to
vote
Thomas Nast ● Created Department of Justice -> to
● Famous cartoonist prosecute terrorist campaigns killing
● Fiercely against Johnson and portrayed black people and white Republicans
him as a King ● Suspended habeus corpus and breaks
● New Orleans Riot: 38 African Americans back of KKK
killed with 46 wounded ● Pushed Republicans to vote for 15th
● Also criticized Johnson’s leniency in Amendment
pardoning Confederates ● Pushed for Civil rights Act of 1875
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers Civil Rights Act of 1875
● Scalawags: Southern white Republicans ● Crime for any individual to deny full and
who believed Republican Party would = use of public spaces
serve their economic interests the best ● Lacked enforcement
● Carpetbaggers: White men from North ○ Southerners would bar black
being Republican leads (many former people from places such as the
Union soldiers), seeing the South as a theaters or train. Worked around
new frontier and helping modernize it by placing them at the back.
them ● 1883: Supreme Court Justice declared
○ STEREOTYPE: penniless the act unconstitutional, destroying the
adventurers carrying possessions act
in a cheap carpetbag, carried by
Southern people Colfax Massacre (1873)
● Black Republicans occupied courthouse
Grant Administration (Negatives) to protect it from white supremacist
● Stereotypical image of him as a mobs
carpetbagger ● 150 dead
● Surrounded himself with corrupt ● Grant sent federal troops and arrested
politicians (naive) people from the mob
○ Credit Mobilier Scandal: fake ● However in 1876 case US vs Cruikshank,
construction company that the Supreme Court ruled the
overcharged Union Pacific Enforcement Acts only applied to actions
Railroad Company, essentially from state, not individual, thus
using up government funds. To overturned the convictions for the white
ensure money was flowing, they mobs
bribed politicians with stocks, Fall of Northern Support for Reconstruction
including the Speaker of the ● “Grantism” and corruption
House and VP ● Panic of 1873 (6 yr depression)
○ Whiskey Ring Scandal: ● 20% of businesses failed
indulgence of tax revenues ● 14% unemployment
among politicians ● ¼ of railroads failed
● Literally became poor because he
trusted the wrong person. Mark Twain Role of Women
helped Grant publish his memoirs, ● Formed Daughters of Confederacy
allowing him to get back money
, ● Pushed for Lost Cause Mythology, “Cult ○ First African American to serve US
of Lee” House of Representatives
● Put memorials in parks and roads to ● Blanche K Bruce
teach future generation ○ Represented MS as a Senator
● Work with children by changing their ○ His signature was on the
textbooks American currency
● Censorship of Northern history ○ Appointed as Register of the
● Children Confederacy also made Treasury by President Garfield
● There were 14 Black Congressmen and 2
LIST OF PEOPLE Black Senators
● Rutherford B Hayes (1876 Presidential ● Historic Black Colleges made
Ticket)
○ “Rutherfraud” due to his election Fisk Jubilee Singers (1873)
scandal ● Black choir from University of Fisk to
○ Lost popular vote to Samuel raise funds for institution
Telden, leading to a partisan ● Challenged black stereotypes
Electoral Commission (8
Republicans and 7 Dems) Minstrel Shows
awarding Hayes 20 disputed ● Everyone watched them
votes ● Black people were seen as difficult to
○ WOMLEY HOTEL COMPROMISE:: understand (malapropism)
to stop Democrat filibuster, he ● Made northerns black and speak in a
agreed to remove federal troops certain way to make people laugh
from the South. But also agreed ● Depicted these people as dumb
to give internal improvements,
federal aid for railroads and Bourbon Rule
federal patronage in South ● White Southerners never changed their
○ Failed to implement mindset, even with all these acts they
improvements for African still wanted to go back to their roots
Americans
● Hiram R Revels Voting Restrictions
○ Elected to the US Senate from MS ● Literacy tests with esoteric knowledge
to fill in Jefferson Davis’s seat allowed them to get past 15th
● Robert Smalls Amendment, but b/c poor whites were
○ Black politician who helped with failing too, this led to Grandfather Clause
educational reform ○ Poor white voters or illiterate ones
● Scalawags + Carpetbaggers + blacks could bypass literacy tests if their
○ Formed coalition for educational ancestors had voted before Civil
reform War, excluding black citizens with
○ Built orphanages, rebuilt railroads enslaved ancestors
and buildings of the South ● South passed new state constitution
● John Roy Lynch disenfranchising black voters, with MS as
○ Wrote about the Facts of one of the first ones
Reconstruction and described
how black politicians being Sharecropping
incompetent was false ● Farmers work on planters land and in
■ Reconstruction - 1500 exchange farmers give a major share of
black officials their crops. Kept farmers in debt.
● Joseph Rainey
, Convict Leasing would blame Chinese laborers for
● State governments leased incarcerated being the root of these problems
people to private companies and ● Most Chinese laborers had come
individuals for forced labor without any because of the California Gold Rush in
pay mining. Eventually they became key in
● Money went directly to the state the construction of the transcontinental
railroad
1896- Plessy v Ferguson
● Plessy was ⅛ black (octaroon) (One Drop Page Act (1875)
Rule) ● Prohibited the immigration of any
○ Just to know the Nazi Nuremberg women from Asia involved in prostitution
laws were less stricter than this, ● Population control method because less
they got inspo from Jim Crow women means less procreation thus less
laws Chinese families
● He refused to vacate the white only car,
breaking Separate Car Act and leading to Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
arrest
● First American law directly restricting
● Challenged 14th Amendment
immigration of a specific group
○ Stated that social violations do
● Banned chinese laborers for 10 years
not concern this amendment
● Made Chinese residents ineligible for US
● Legitimized Jim Crow laws (separate but
citizenship
equal)
Lynching Rocks Springs Massacre (1885)
● 237 lynchings in Arkansas ● White laborers were angered by the
● Originally claimed this was because Chinese because they were willing to
“black men were sexual predators to work for lower wages
white woman” ● In Chinatown, between 100-150 white
● Ida B Wells: figured out the root cause men charged for them.
was actually economic competition ● The Chinese were fatally wounded.
● Emmett Till Case: accused of whistling at ● Businesses and property of the Chinese
a white woman -> wrapped his head destroyed
around a cotton gin and drowned him ● Yet perpetrators barely faced
consequences
CONQUEST OF THE FAR Geary Act (1892)
WEST ● A photo ID had to be carried by all
Chinese immigrants or else they’d face
deportation
George Kearney "Chinese Must Go"
● Without the ID, the only way they would
Workingmen's Party
be able to stay was if there was a white
● Kearny was leader of the Workingmen’s witness
Party of CA ● Chinese Americans resist getting the
● Represented white laboring class, so he certificate, and China boycotts trade with
blamed elites and Chinese immigrants America in 1905 as retaliation
for their struggles ○ 100,000 refused to get certificate,
○ So even though he attacked but lost in court
corporations and monopolies, he Wong Kim Ark (1898)
