HMGT 3301 EXAM 1 - Chapter 3
Questions With Complete Solutions
/.Why did the professionalization of medicine start later in the U.S. than in some
Western European nations? - Answer-✅American medicine lagged behind the
advances in medical science, experimental research and
medical education and maintained a domestic character because...
(i) Americans had a tendency to neglect research in basic sciences and placed more
emphasis on
applied sciences
(ii) American attitudes about medical treatment placed emphasis on natural history and
conservative common sense.
/.Why did medicine have a domestic, rather than professional, character in the
preindustrial era?
How did urbanization change that? - Answer-✅1) Medical Practice was in disarray-
Anyone could practice without restriction or training
2) Medical procedures were primitive- no technical expertise
3) Missing institutional core- no widespread development of hospitals
4) Demand was unstable- low demand due to self-reliance (family folk-remedies),
economic
conditions (opportunity cost of transportation), and purchase costs (fee for service)
5) Medical education was substandard-apprenticeship, unrestricted entry, and deficient
in
science based training
Urbanization increased reliance on specialized skills of paid professionals because..
a. Distanced people from families and neighborhoods- no more family-based remedies
b. Women began working outside the home- no longer caring for the sick
c. Physicians became less expensive and more accessible- telephones, cars,
roadsreduced opp. cost of time and travel- more affordable
d. Better geographic proximity of patients and physicians
/.Which factors explain why the demand for the services of a professional physician was
inadequate in the preindustrial era? How did scientific medicine and technology change
that? - Answer-✅Demand was low because:
- Small rural communities were self-reliant: family care, home folk remedies. Most
"physicians" had no expertise to offer
- Not affordable
- Indirect cost of transportation and opportunity cost of travel (time lost)
- Costs doubled- 2 ppl (physician and emissary) had to make trip back and forth
- Private funds, no insurance- personally pay for fee-for- service
, Science and technology led to..
- Increased demand for advanced services - specialized training became necessary and
medicine practice became more professional- no longer provided by families
- Legitimacy and complexity- effectiveness of scientific medicine became widely
recognized
- Cultural Authority- general acceptance of and reliance on the judgement
of members of a profession because of superior knowledge and expertise
- People's lives became increasingly governed by medical decisions made by
physicians-
admission to hospital, necessary treatment, prescriptions, granting medical leave,
worker's compensation cases, pre-employment physicals, etc.
/.How did the emergence of general hospitals strengthen the professional sovereignty of
physicians? - Answer-✅a. Hospitals were dependent on physicians to keep the beds
filled- empowered physicians
and enhanced their dominance because hospitals had to keep them satisfied even
though they were not employed by the hospitals. They had enormous influence over
hospital policy.
/.Discuss the relationship of dependency within the context of the medical profession's
cultural
and legitimized authority. what role did medical education reform play in galvanizing
professional authority? - Answer-✅Dependency emerged because...
a. Society expects a sick person to seek medical help and try to get well
b. Cultural authority- medical judgements...
i. Legitimize sickness
ii. Exempt the individual from social role obligations i.e. school/work
iii. Provide competent medical care so the person can get well and resume
social role obligations
c. Need for hospital services for critical illness and surgery
d. Referral role, prescriptions
Educational reform further legitimized the profession's authority and galvanized its
sovereignty - upgrade of med-school standards, physicians clear monopoly on the
practice of medicine
/.How did the organized medical profession manage to remain free of control by
business firms,
insurance companies, and hospitals until the latter part of the 20 th century? - Answer-
✅Individual physicians who took up practice in corporate setting were castigated by the
-
medical profession and pressured to abandon such practices
Legal doctrine in some states- "Corporate practice doctrine"- corporations could not
employ licensed physicians w/o engaging in unlicensed practice of medicine
Questions With Complete Solutions
/.Why did the professionalization of medicine start later in the U.S. than in some
Western European nations? - Answer-✅American medicine lagged behind the
advances in medical science, experimental research and
medical education and maintained a domestic character because...
(i) Americans had a tendency to neglect research in basic sciences and placed more
emphasis on
applied sciences
(ii) American attitudes about medical treatment placed emphasis on natural history and
conservative common sense.
/.Why did medicine have a domestic, rather than professional, character in the
preindustrial era?
How did urbanization change that? - Answer-✅1) Medical Practice was in disarray-
Anyone could practice without restriction or training
2) Medical procedures were primitive- no technical expertise
3) Missing institutional core- no widespread development of hospitals
4) Demand was unstable- low demand due to self-reliance (family folk-remedies),
economic
conditions (opportunity cost of transportation), and purchase costs (fee for service)
5) Medical education was substandard-apprenticeship, unrestricted entry, and deficient
in
science based training
Urbanization increased reliance on specialized skills of paid professionals because..
a. Distanced people from families and neighborhoods- no more family-based remedies
b. Women began working outside the home- no longer caring for the sick
c. Physicians became less expensive and more accessible- telephones, cars,
roadsreduced opp. cost of time and travel- more affordable
d. Better geographic proximity of patients and physicians
/.Which factors explain why the demand for the services of a professional physician was
inadequate in the preindustrial era? How did scientific medicine and technology change
that? - Answer-✅Demand was low because:
- Small rural communities were self-reliant: family care, home folk remedies. Most
"physicians" had no expertise to offer
- Not affordable
- Indirect cost of transportation and opportunity cost of travel (time lost)
- Costs doubled- 2 ppl (physician and emissary) had to make trip back and forth
- Private funds, no insurance- personally pay for fee-for- service
, Science and technology led to..
- Increased demand for advanced services - specialized training became necessary and
medicine practice became more professional- no longer provided by families
- Legitimacy and complexity- effectiveness of scientific medicine became widely
recognized
- Cultural Authority- general acceptance of and reliance on the judgement
of members of a profession because of superior knowledge and expertise
- People's lives became increasingly governed by medical decisions made by
physicians-
admission to hospital, necessary treatment, prescriptions, granting medical leave,
worker's compensation cases, pre-employment physicals, etc.
/.How did the emergence of general hospitals strengthen the professional sovereignty of
physicians? - Answer-✅a. Hospitals were dependent on physicians to keep the beds
filled- empowered physicians
and enhanced their dominance because hospitals had to keep them satisfied even
though they were not employed by the hospitals. They had enormous influence over
hospital policy.
/.Discuss the relationship of dependency within the context of the medical profession's
cultural
and legitimized authority. what role did medical education reform play in galvanizing
professional authority? - Answer-✅Dependency emerged because...
a. Society expects a sick person to seek medical help and try to get well
b. Cultural authority- medical judgements...
i. Legitimize sickness
ii. Exempt the individual from social role obligations i.e. school/work
iii. Provide competent medical care so the person can get well and resume
social role obligations
c. Need for hospital services for critical illness and surgery
d. Referral role, prescriptions
Educational reform further legitimized the profession's authority and galvanized its
sovereignty - upgrade of med-school standards, physicians clear monopoly on the
practice of medicine
/.How did the organized medical profession manage to remain free of control by
business firms,
insurance companies, and hospitals until the latter part of the 20 th century? - Answer-
✅Individual physicians who took up practice in corporate setting were castigated by the
-
medical profession and pressured to abandon such practices
Legal doctrine in some states- "Corporate practice doctrine"- corporations could not
employ licensed physicians w/o engaging in unlicensed practice of medicine
