ECPI anatomy & physiology exam chapters 1-4 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
questions with verified answers ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: - correct answer✔✔Effectors return conditions toward normal ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
range. ||\\//||
- Called "negative" bc the response to the change moved the variable in opposite direction
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(negative) of the deviation from the set point. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Most common type of homeostatic mechanism.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Ex: negative feedback controls body temp., blood pressure, glucose level in the blood.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
POSITIVE FEEDBACK: - correct answer✔✔Change/deviation is intensified - not reversed.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Activity of effector is increased initially, instead of decreasing.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Uncommon in body / short-lived
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Produce unstable conditions that seem like they will not lead to homeostasis, but they
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
will. ||\\//||
- Ex: blood clotting and uterus contractions of childbirth.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ANATOMY: - correct answer✔✔Study of structure of the human body and its parts ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Derived from the Greek word "cutting up"
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
PHYSIOLOGY: - correct answer✔✔Study of functions of human body and its parts. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,- Derived from the Greek word "relationship to nature"
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-stasis: - correct answer✔✔Having a state of balance or stability.||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Ex: homeostasis
||\\//||
Peri- - correct answer✔✔Around ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Ex: pericardium (around the heart)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Hypo: - correct answer✔✔Low, under, beneath, down, or below normal
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Ex: hypoglycemia - low blood sugar
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Hyper: - correct answer✔✔High, beyond, excessive, or above normal ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Ex: hyperglycemia - high blood sugar
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Epi: - correct answer✔✔Upon, on top of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Pariet: - correct answer✔✔A wall (of the body) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
VISCERAL LAYER: - correct answer✔✔Inner layer which covers an organ ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
PARIETAL LAYER: - correct answer✔✔Outer layer which lines wall of cavity ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,MEMDIASTINUM: - correct answer✔✔Region between lungs in thoracic cavity, which ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
CONTRALATERAL: - correct answer✔✔Opposite sides ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
IPSILATERAL: - correct answer✔✔Same side ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
HOMEOSTASIS: - correct answer✔✔Maintenance of a stable internal environment. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN ORDER FROM MOST SIMPLE: - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔Subatomic particles ||\\//||
Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Organism
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES: - correct answer✔✔Protons, neutrons, electrons that make up
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cells
ATOM: - correct answer✔✔Tiny particles that make up chemicals (hydrogen, carbon)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, MOLECULE: - correct answer✔✔Particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
glucose)
MACROMOLECULE: - correct answer✔✔Large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
protein)
ORGANELLE: - correct answer✔✔Functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome) - ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
small version of an organ
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
"little organ"
||\\//||
CELL: - correct answer✔✔Basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, or blood
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cell)
TISSUE: - correct answer✔✔Layer or mass of cells with specific function (adipose tissue)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ORGAN: - correct answer✔✔Group of different tissues with a specific function (heart,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
kidney, stomach) ||\\//||
ORGAN SYSTEM: - correct answer✔✔Group of organs with common function (digestive
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
system)
ORGANISM: - correct answer✔✔Composed of organ systems interacting (human) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: - correct answer✔✔- Skin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Protection
||\\//||
- Body temperature regulation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Sensory reception
||\\//|| ||\\//||
questions with verified answers ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: - correct answer✔✔Effectors return conditions toward normal ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
range. ||\\//||
- Called "negative" bc the response to the change moved the variable in opposite direction
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(negative) of the deviation from the set point. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Most common type of homeostatic mechanism.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Ex: negative feedback controls body temp., blood pressure, glucose level in the blood.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
POSITIVE FEEDBACK: - correct answer✔✔Change/deviation is intensified - not reversed.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Activity of effector is increased initially, instead of decreasing.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Uncommon in body / short-lived
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Produce unstable conditions that seem like they will not lead to homeostasis, but they
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
will. ||\\//||
- Ex: blood clotting and uterus contractions of childbirth.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ANATOMY: - correct answer✔✔Study of structure of the human body and its parts ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Derived from the Greek word "cutting up"
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
PHYSIOLOGY: - correct answer✔✔Study of functions of human body and its parts. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,- Derived from the Greek word "relationship to nature"
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-stasis: - correct answer✔✔Having a state of balance or stability.||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Ex: homeostasis
||\\//||
Peri- - correct answer✔✔Around ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Ex: pericardium (around the heart)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Hypo: - correct answer✔✔Low, under, beneath, down, or below normal
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Ex: hypoglycemia - low blood sugar
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Hyper: - correct answer✔✔High, beyond, excessive, or above normal ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Ex: hyperglycemia - high blood sugar
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Epi: - correct answer✔✔Upon, on top of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Pariet: - correct answer✔✔A wall (of the body) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
VISCERAL LAYER: - correct answer✔✔Inner layer which covers an organ ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
PARIETAL LAYER: - correct answer✔✔Outer layer which lines wall of cavity ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,MEMDIASTINUM: - correct answer✔✔Region between lungs in thoracic cavity, which ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
CONTRALATERAL: - correct answer✔✔Opposite sides ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
IPSILATERAL: - correct answer✔✔Same side ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
HOMEOSTASIS: - correct answer✔✔Maintenance of a stable internal environment. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN ORDER FROM MOST SIMPLE: - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔Subatomic particles ||\\//||
Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Organism
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES: - correct answer✔✔Protons, neutrons, electrons that make up
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cells
ATOM: - correct answer✔✔Tiny particles that make up chemicals (hydrogen, carbon)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, MOLECULE: - correct answer✔✔Particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
glucose)
MACROMOLECULE: - correct answer✔✔Large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
protein)
ORGANELLE: - correct answer✔✔Functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome) - ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
small version of an organ
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
"little organ"
||\\//||
CELL: - correct answer✔✔Basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, or blood
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cell)
TISSUE: - correct answer✔✔Layer or mass of cells with specific function (adipose tissue)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ORGAN: - correct answer✔✔Group of different tissues with a specific function (heart,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
kidney, stomach) ||\\//||
ORGAN SYSTEM: - correct answer✔✔Group of organs with common function (digestive
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
system)
ORGANISM: - correct answer✔✔Composed of organ systems interacting (human) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: - correct answer✔✔- Skin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Protection
||\\//||
- Body temperature regulation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Sensory reception
||\\//|| ||\\//||
