Nurs 2115 Actual Exam Questions and Correct Answers
case series - ANSWER studies are accounts of selected variables within a
specific population. Through this data collection, the researcher determines
the morbidity and mortality rates, and through analysis of the various
factors, looks for evidence of association and causality.
cross sectional studies - ANSWER snapshot of the present and can also be
called prevalence studies. Cross sectional
case control studies - ANSWER individuals in the group with the disease are matched with individuals in
the group with the disease are matched with individuals who are similar in some characteristics but who
have
cohort studies - ANSWER researchers examine the individual histories of a
group of people manifesting a certain disease to find out what factors they
share and what differences can be discerned.
- Retrospective: studies that begin in the present and search the past for information to explain
the present
- Prospective studies: longitudinal - begin in the present and follow the subjects into the future or
make predictions about the future that can be tested at a later date.
RCT - ANSWER individuals are assigned randomly either to a group that
receives new treatment or to a group that does not receive the new
treatment. The latter is the control group.
Vulnerable populations - ANSWER ▪ less access to the resources needed
to handle inevitable risks to health that all people experience.
▪ "increased susceptibility to adverse health outcomes as a result of
inequitable access to the resources needed to handle risks to health."
List the DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders - ANSWER · Substance
often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period of time.
A persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use
A great deal of time spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance,
use it or recover from its effects
Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use
Recurrent use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home
Continued use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or
exacerbated by use
Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced because of use
Recurrent use in situations that are physically hazardous
,Use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem
likely to have been caused or exacerbated by use
Tolerance: need for markedly increased amounts of substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect,
or a markedly diminished effect with continued use of same amount
Withdrawal: characteristic syndrome, or use to relieve or avoid withdrawal
Substance use: - ANSWER generically recognizes that all humans consume all kinds of substances - legal
and illegal, natural and pharmaceutical, prescribed and purchased. We want to avoid binary language
that implies that substances are good or bad and that use is good or bad, but rather understand the
complexity of substance use as interconnected with societal understandings and attitudes, which are
fluid over time.
Problematic substance use: - ANSWER use that leads to adverse physical, psychological, legal, social, or
interpersonal consequences, which may or may not involve dependence.
4 pillar approach to substance use - ANSWER Harm reduction
Prevention
Treatment
Reinforcement -> recognition that enforcement alone does not solve problematic use, and more
upstream support and prevention will decrease both use and the need for enforcement
What are the 4 key dimensions that provide a framework for understanding essential elements of equity-
oriented primary health care services when working with populations that have been marginalized by
social and structural inequity? - ANSWER Inequity responsive care: explicitly addressing the social
determinants of health as legitimate and routine aspects of health care -> main priority
Trauma and violence informed care: recognizing that most people affected by systemic inequities and
structural violence have experienced, and often continue to experience, varying forms of violence with
traumatic impact. Care includes respectul empowerment practices informed by
understanding the pervasiveness and effects of trauma and violence, rather than trauma treatment.
Contextually tailored care: expanding the concept of patient-centered care to include services that are
explicitly tailored to populations served and local contexts.
Culturally safe care: taking into account the cultural meaning of health and illness and people's
experiences of racism, discrimination, and marginalization, and the ways those experiences shape
health, life opportunities, access to health care, and quality of life.
Harm reduction - ANSWER refers to policies and programs and practices that aim to reduce philosophy
and approach to healthcare delivery, programs, or policies, implemented with a goal to protect the
health of, and reduce the secondary harm for, individuals who engage in high-risk activities that are
associated with poor health outcomes"
"refers to policies, programs and practices that aim to reduce the negative
health, social and economic consequences
that may ensue from the use of legal and illegal psychoactive drugs,
without necessarily reducing drug use.
,Its cornerstones are public health, human rights and social justice. It
benefits people who use drugs, families and communities."
GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF HARM REDUCTION - ANSWER Reducing or minimizing harm associated with
high-risk behaviors, such as problematic substance use, injection drug use, and unsafe sexual practices
Involves openness, a non-judgmental attitude, and "meeting people where they are at"
Pragmatism Harm reduction accepts that some use of mind-altering substances is inevitable, and that
some level of drug use in society is normal, though this assessment varies considerably by country and
cultural values. It also recognizes the considerable research evidence that experimental and controlled
use is the norm for most of those who try any substance with abuse potential. Harm reduction seeks to
reduce the more immediate and tangible harms of substance use rather than embrace a vague, abstract
goal related to some future ideal like a drug free society. Just as the ongoing debate on cannabis control
policy is at odds with the evidence that cannabis use has become endemic and unlikely to decline
significantly, so harm reduction emphasizes reducing the harms of criminalization and living with a
certain level of use in society.
Focus on HarmsThe focus of harm reduction policy and programs is the reduction of harmful
consequences without necessarily requiring any reduction in use, since a change in mode of
administration or pattern of use may also reduce harm. Although a lower prevalence of drug use is not
the goal of harm reduction, it may be an outcome that helps reduce harms. These harms may be related
to health, social, or economic factors that affect the individual, community and society as a whole. The
building of community social capital may also help to reduce the vulnerability of certain populations to
the most destructive forms of substance use.
Prioritization of goalsHarm reduction strategies prioritize each individual's
goals with an emphasis on an immediate and realizable
Incidence - ANSWER number of new cases of given disease in a population during a specified time
period/average total population within the same specified time period
Prevalence - ANSWER number of people with given disease in given population at one point in time/total
in given population at same point in time
Social marketing based on 4 P's - ANSWER product, price, place, promotion5. public participation
Culture-ANSWER Social construct learned through socialization, shared,
implicit, fluid, and intersects with other social constructs
National/Societal culture-ANSWER Culture shared by a nation or society
Organizational culture-ANSWER Culture within a specific organization
Social identity group culture-ANSWER Culture specific to social identity
groups
, Functional culture-ANSWER Culture based on specific functions or roles
Team culture-ANSWER Culture within a team or group
Individual culture-ANSWER Unique culture of an individual
Ethnicity-ANSWER Belonging to a group with common ancestry, habits,
and attributes
Multiculturalism Act (1988)-ANSWER Canadian law protecting multiculturalism, preserving culture,
reducing discrimination, enhancing awareness
Community Health Nursing Standards of Practice-ANSWER Guidelines for
health promotion, prevention, maintenance, professional relationships,
capacity building, equity, and evidence-based practice
Barriers to multiculturalism-ANSWER Prejudice, ethnocentrism,
stereotyping, racism, discrimination
Internalized Racism-ANSWER Adopting white supremacist ideologies in
interactions
Interpersonal racism-ANSWER Racism expressed between individuals
Systemic racism-ANSWER Racism in institutional policies and practices
Facilitators of multiculturalism-ANSWER Government programs, community initiatives, board training,
professional responsibilities
Cycle of Oppression-ANSWER Biases lead to stereotypes, prejudice,
discrimination, and oppression
Cultural Sensitivity-ANSWER Respecting cultural differences without
assigning value, focusing on 'other' culture
Cultural Safety-ANSWER Recipient-defined care, addressing power
imbalances
Cultural Competence-ANSWER Recognizing diverse worldviews,
behaviors, beliefs, and customs of others
case series - ANSWER studies are accounts of selected variables within a
specific population. Through this data collection, the researcher determines
the morbidity and mortality rates, and through analysis of the various
factors, looks for evidence of association and causality.
cross sectional studies - ANSWER snapshot of the present and can also be
called prevalence studies. Cross sectional
case control studies - ANSWER individuals in the group with the disease are matched with individuals in
the group with the disease are matched with individuals who are similar in some characteristics but who
have
cohort studies - ANSWER researchers examine the individual histories of a
group of people manifesting a certain disease to find out what factors they
share and what differences can be discerned.
- Retrospective: studies that begin in the present and search the past for information to explain
the present
- Prospective studies: longitudinal - begin in the present and follow the subjects into the future or
make predictions about the future that can be tested at a later date.
RCT - ANSWER individuals are assigned randomly either to a group that
receives new treatment or to a group that does not receive the new
treatment. The latter is the control group.
Vulnerable populations - ANSWER ▪ less access to the resources needed
to handle inevitable risks to health that all people experience.
▪ "increased susceptibility to adverse health outcomes as a result of
inequitable access to the resources needed to handle risks to health."
List the DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders - ANSWER · Substance
often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period of time.
A persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use
A great deal of time spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance,
use it or recover from its effects
Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use
Recurrent use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home
Continued use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or
exacerbated by use
Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced because of use
Recurrent use in situations that are physically hazardous
,Use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem
likely to have been caused or exacerbated by use
Tolerance: need for markedly increased amounts of substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect,
or a markedly diminished effect with continued use of same amount
Withdrawal: characteristic syndrome, or use to relieve or avoid withdrawal
Substance use: - ANSWER generically recognizes that all humans consume all kinds of substances - legal
and illegal, natural and pharmaceutical, prescribed and purchased. We want to avoid binary language
that implies that substances are good or bad and that use is good or bad, but rather understand the
complexity of substance use as interconnected with societal understandings and attitudes, which are
fluid over time.
Problematic substance use: - ANSWER use that leads to adverse physical, psychological, legal, social, or
interpersonal consequences, which may or may not involve dependence.
4 pillar approach to substance use - ANSWER Harm reduction
Prevention
Treatment
Reinforcement -> recognition that enforcement alone does not solve problematic use, and more
upstream support and prevention will decrease both use and the need for enforcement
What are the 4 key dimensions that provide a framework for understanding essential elements of equity-
oriented primary health care services when working with populations that have been marginalized by
social and structural inequity? - ANSWER Inequity responsive care: explicitly addressing the social
determinants of health as legitimate and routine aspects of health care -> main priority
Trauma and violence informed care: recognizing that most people affected by systemic inequities and
structural violence have experienced, and often continue to experience, varying forms of violence with
traumatic impact. Care includes respectul empowerment practices informed by
understanding the pervasiveness and effects of trauma and violence, rather than trauma treatment.
Contextually tailored care: expanding the concept of patient-centered care to include services that are
explicitly tailored to populations served and local contexts.
Culturally safe care: taking into account the cultural meaning of health and illness and people's
experiences of racism, discrimination, and marginalization, and the ways those experiences shape
health, life opportunities, access to health care, and quality of life.
Harm reduction - ANSWER refers to policies and programs and practices that aim to reduce philosophy
and approach to healthcare delivery, programs, or policies, implemented with a goal to protect the
health of, and reduce the secondary harm for, individuals who engage in high-risk activities that are
associated with poor health outcomes"
"refers to policies, programs and practices that aim to reduce the negative
health, social and economic consequences
that may ensue from the use of legal and illegal psychoactive drugs,
without necessarily reducing drug use.
,Its cornerstones are public health, human rights and social justice. It
benefits people who use drugs, families and communities."
GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF HARM REDUCTION - ANSWER Reducing or minimizing harm associated with
high-risk behaviors, such as problematic substance use, injection drug use, and unsafe sexual practices
Involves openness, a non-judgmental attitude, and "meeting people where they are at"
Pragmatism Harm reduction accepts that some use of mind-altering substances is inevitable, and that
some level of drug use in society is normal, though this assessment varies considerably by country and
cultural values. It also recognizes the considerable research evidence that experimental and controlled
use is the norm for most of those who try any substance with abuse potential. Harm reduction seeks to
reduce the more immediate and tangible harms of substance use rather than embrace a vague, abstract
goal related to some future ideal like a drug free society. Just as the ongoing debate on cannabis control
policy is at odds with the evidence that cannabis use has become endemic and unlikely to decline
significantly, so harm reduction emphasizes reducing the harms of criminalization and living with a
certain level of use in society.
Focus on HarmsThe focus of harm reduction policy and programs is the reduction of harmful
consequences without necessarily requiring any reduction in use, since a change in mode of
administration or pattern of use may also reduce harm. Although a lower prevalence of drug use is not
the goal of harm reduction, it may be an outcome that helps reduce harms. These harms may be related
to health, social, or economic factors that affect the individual, community and society as a whole. The
building of community social capital may also help to reduce the vulnerability of certain populations to
the most destructive forms of substance use.
Prioritization of goalsHarm reduction strategies prioritize each individual's
goals with an emphasis on an immediate and realizable
Incidence - ANSWER number of new cases of given disease in a population during a specified time
period/average total population within the same specified time period
Prevalence - ANSWER number of people with given disease in given population at one point in time/total
in given population at same point in time
Social marketing based on 4 P's - ANSWER product, price, place, promotion5. public participation
Culture-ANSWER Social construct learned through socialization, shared,
implicit, fluid, and intersects with other social constructs
National/Societal culture-ANSWER Culture shared by a nation or society
Organizational culture-ANSWER Culture within a specific organization
Social identity group culture-ANSWER Culture specific to social identity
groups
, Functional culture-ANSWER Culture based on specific functions or roles
Team culture-ANSWER Culture within a team or group
Individual culture-ANSWER Unique culture of an individual
Ethnicity-ANSWER Belonging to a group with common ancestry, habits,
and attributes
Multiculturalism Act (1988)-ANSWER Canadian law protecting multiculturalism, preserving culture,
reducing discrimination, enhancing awareness
Community Health Nursing Standards of Practice-ANSWER Guidelines for
health promotion, prevention, maintenance, professional relationships,
capacity building, equity, and evidence-based practice
Barriers to multiculturalism-ANSWER Prejudice, ethnocentrism,
stereotyping, racism, discrimination
Internalized Racism-ANSWER Adopting white supremacist ideologies in
interactions
Interpersonal racism-ANSWER Racism expressed between individuals
Systemic racism-ANSWER Racism in institutional policies and practices
Facilitators of multiculturalism-ANSWER Government programs, community initiatives, board training,
professional responsibilities
Cycle of Oppression-ANSWER Biases lead to stereotypes, prejudice,
discrimination, and oppression
Cultural Sensitivity-ANSWER Respecting cultural differences without
assigning value, focusing on 'other' culture
Cultural Safety-ANSWER Recipient-defined care, addressing power
imbalances
Cultural Competence-ANSWER Recognizing diverse worldviews,
behaviors, beliefs, and customs of others
