PSY 100 TEST 1- UKY (ARCHER) QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
From what 2 disciplines did psychology emerge? - Answers Philosophy and phisiology
What is psychology? - Answers The scientific study of behavior and mental process
Who established the 1st Psychological laboratory?
What was the significance? - Answers -Wilhelm Wundt
-He studied the content of consciousness and came up with the Technique of Introspection
Know the historical progression of psychology (i.e. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, etc). -
Answers
Compare and contrast the different psychological perspectives (i.e. behaviorism, psychodynamic,
humanistic, cognitive, etc.). - Answers Biological- why are you the way you are (neuroscience and
evolution)
Behavioral- you cannot observe sensation, feeling, or a thought but you can observe and record
people's behavior as they respond to and learn in different situations.
Psychodynamic- some things we don't know why we do them; things that happen in early childhood;
relationships; underlying conflicts
Cognitive- we have different thought process; interpret
Humanistic- we are all driven towards self growth; be the best that we can be; positive viewpoint
Sociocultural- have to take in account the social and cultural areas you grow up in
What areas do the various psychologists study? - Answers -physiological process
-sensation and perception
-states of consciousness
-learning process
-the memory system
-thinking process, intelligence and language acquisition
-emotion and motivation
-human developement from the fertilized egg through death
-personality
-stress and its health consequences
-abnormal behavior and treatment
-understanding social behavior
Wundt - Answers middle aged professor trying to measure "atoms of the mind"- the fastest and
simplest mental process (promoted structuralism)
Tichener - Answers used introspection, looking inward, to search for the minds structural elements
(promoted structuralism)
James - Answers Thought it would be better to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and
feelings. Encouraged explorations of the functions of emotion, memories, willpower, habits, and
movement-to-movement streams of consciousness. (promoted functionalism)
(helped define psychology as "the science of mental life")
Watson - Answers Championed psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior (Watson and
Skinner both rejected introspection)
Skinner - Answers Leading behavioralist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences
shape behavior
Freud - Answers His controversial ideas influenced humanities self -understanding
Introspection - Answers the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional
processes. (looking inward at the mind)
structuralism - Answers early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Tichener; used introspection
to reveal the structure of the human mind
functionalism - Answers early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin;
explained how mental and behavior processes function- how they enable an organism to adapt,
survive, and flourish
applied research - Answers scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
, basic research - Answers pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
What are the goals of science? - Answers Description, Prediction, Understanding, Control
Describe the 5 steps of the Scientific Method: - Answers 1) Define the problem (identify question or
interest)
2) Form hypothesis (formulate explanation)
3) Design study and test hypothesis
4) Analyze, interpret finds, draw conclusions
5) report findings
What are theories? - Answers general principals that attempt to explain how several factors or events
are related; organize facts; explanations and prediction; guides research
(an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organize observations and predicts
behaviors or events)
What are hypotheses? What is their purpose in psychology? - Answers Specific statement that
attempts to describe or explain behaviors; describes relationships between variables; leads to
prediction about what will happen in a particular situation
(testable prediction, often implied by a theory)
Operational definitions (operationalization): be able to give an operational definition for a variable -
Answers needs to be put in a specifically measurable form
(carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study)
Types of measurements (self-report, observation, physiological measures) - Answers Self-report:
surveys, questionnaire, interviews
Behavioral: Naturalistic observation, laboratory observation
Physiological: assessments of body functions
Discuss the case study,
naturalistic observation
and survey research - Answers (pg 28-30)
Case study-examines one or more individual or group in depth in the hopes of revealing things true of
us all
Naturalistic observation-records behavior in natural environments
Survey research- looks at many cases in less depth
Understand correlation and nonexperimental designs
correlation coefficient (strength, range, direction), scatterplots
problems with correlational studies (directionality problem, third variable problem) - Answers
Correlation designs- must be cautious in the interpretation; CANNOt make casual inferences
regardless of strength of relationship
Non-experimental designs??????????????????????
Directionality problem: does A lead to B or does B lead to A?
Third variable problem: third aspect that isn't taken into consideration
What is meant by "you can't infer causation from correlation?" - Answers Correlation indicates the
possibility of a cause-effect relationship but does not prove such.
Experimental studies (What are the 3 necessary conditions for an experiment?)
independent variable, dependent variable, extraneous variables, random assignment, placebo
experimental group vs. control group - Answers 1) Manipulate Independent variable
2) Accurately measure dependent variables
3) Control of Extraneous variables
Independent Variables-the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effects are being studied
Dependent Variables- the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the
independent variable is manipulated
From what 2 disciplines did psychology emerge? - Answers Philosophy and phisiology
What is psychology? - Answers The scientific study of behavior and mental process
Who established the 1st Psychological laboratory?
What was the significance? - Answers -Wilhelm Wundt
-He studied the content of consciousness and came up with the Technique of Introspection
Know the historical progression of psychology (i.e. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, etc). -
Answers
Compare and contrast the different psychological perspectives (i.e. behaviorism, psychodynamic,
humanistic, cognitive, etc.). - Answers Biological- why are you the way you are (neuroscience and
evolution)
Behavioral- you cannot observe sensation, feeling, or a thought but you can observe and record
people's behavior as they respond to and learn in different situations.
Psychodynamic- some things we don't know why we do them; things that happen in early childhood;
relationships; underlying conflicts
Cognitive- we have different thought process; interpret
Humanistic- we are all driven towards self growth; be the best that we can be; positive viewpoint
Sociocultural- have to take in account the social and cultural areas you grow up in
What areas do the various psychologists study? - Answers -physiological process
-sensation and perception
-states of consciousness
-learning process
-the memory system
-thinking process, intelligence and language acquisition
-emotion and motivation
-human developement from the fertilized egg through death
-personality
-stress and its health consequences
-abnormal behavior and treatment
-understanding social behavior
Wundt - Answers middle aged professor trying to measure "atoms of the mind"- the fastest and
simplest mental process (promoted structuralism)
Tichener - Answers used introspection, looking inward, to search for the minds structural elements
(promoted structuralism)
James - Answers Thought it would be better to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and
feelings. Encouraged explorations of the functions of emotion, memories, willpower, habits, and
movement-to-movement streams of consciousness. (promoted functionalism)
(helped define psychology as "the science of mental life")
Watson - Answers Championed psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior (Watson and
Skinner both rejected introspection)
Skinner - Answers Leading behavioralist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences
shape behavior
Freud - Answers His controversial ideas influenced humanities self -understanding
Introspection - Answers the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional
processes. (looking inward at the mind)
structuralism - Answers early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Tichener; used introspection
to reveal the structure of the human mind
functionalism - Answers early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin;
explained how mental and behavior processes function- how they enable an organism to adapt,
survive, and flourish
applied research - Answers scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
, basic research - Answers pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
What are the goals of science? - Answers Description, Prediction, Understanding, Control
Describe the 5 steps of the Scientific Method: - Answers 1) Define the problem (identify question or
interest)
2) Form hypothesis (formulate explanation)
3) Design study and test hypothesis
4) Analyze, interpret finds, draw conclusions
5) report findings
What are theories? - Answers general principals that attempt to explain how several factors or events
are related; organize facts; explanations and prediction; guides research
(an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organize observations and predicts
behaviors or events)
What are hypotheses? What is their purpose in psychology? - Answers Specific statement that
attempts to describe or explain behaviors; describes relationships between variables; leads to
prediction about what will happen in a particular situation
(testable prediction, often implied by a theory)
Operational definitions (operationalization): be able to give an operational definition for a variable -
Answers needs to be put in a specifically measurable form
(carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study)
Types of measurements (self-report, observation, physiological measures) - Answers Self-report:
surveys, questionnaire, interviews
Behavioral: Naturalistic observation, laboratory observation
Physiological: assessments of body functions
Discuss the case study,
naturalistic observation
and survey research - Answers (pg 28-30)
Case study-examines one or more individual or group in depth in the hopes of revealing things true of
us all
Naturalistic observation-records behavior in natural environments
Survey research- looks at many cases in less depth
Understand correlation and nonexperimental designs
correlation coefficient (strength, range, direction), scatterplots
problems with correlational studies (directionality problem, third variable problem) - Answers
Correlation designs- must be cautious in the interpretation; CANNOt make casual inferences
regardless of strength of relationship
Non-experimental designs??????????????????????
Directionality problem: does A lead to B or does B lead to A?
Third variable problem: third aspect that isn't taken into consideration
What is meant by "you can't infer causation from correlation?" - Answers Correlation indicates the
possibility of a cause-effect relationship but does not prove such.
Experimental studies (What are the 3 necessary conditions for an experiment?)
independent variable, dependent variable, extraneous variables, random assignment, placebo
experimental group vs. control group - Answers 1) Manipulate Independent variable
2) Accurately measure dependent variables
3) Control of Extraneous variables
Independent Variables-the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effects are being studied
Dependent Variables- the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the
independent variable is manipulated
