GOVT 404 FINAL EXAM LIBERTY
UNIVERSITY FINAL PAPER 2026
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ What rule do Lopez and Morrison collectively add to the commerce
power rules established by J&L? Answer: The commerce power does
not permit Congress to regulate noneconomic activities.
⩥ Which of the following is NOT a limitation on congressional spending
power? Answer: Congress may only use federal funds to regulate what it
may otherwise regulate under the Commerce Clause.
⩥ What are the two key questions in a commerce power case? Mark all
that apply. Answer: Whether the regulated activity is
commerce/intercourse.
Whether the commerce in question affects more than one state.
⩥ Which of the following best characterizes the scope of modern
congressional power to regulate economic activity? Answer: Very broad
⩥ Debates over the spending power closely track the ___-___ divide
Answer: Hamilton-Jefferson
, ⩥ What serious question did the Jones & Laughlin dissenters raise?
Answer: Is there any human activity beyond federal regulatory power?
⩥ Under the anti-commandeering principle, what does Congress remain
free to do? Answer: Prohibit states from acting in violation of federal
law
⩥ What two portions of the Constitution did Jones & Laughlin combine?
Answer: The Necessary and Proper Clause and the Interstate Commerce
Clause.
⩥ Select the best description of the 10th Amendment. Answer: The 10th
Amendment imposes ONE affirmative limit on federal power-the anti-
commandeering principle.
⩥ What was the main vehicle for the massive expansion of federal
power in the 20th century? Answer: The Commerce Power
⩥ Lopez, Morrison, and NFIB make it essential to focus on what?
Answer: What precisely Congress is seeking to regulate.
⩥ Which of the following most accurately describes how courts
determine whether congressional spending is consistent with the general
UNIVERSITY FINAL PAPER 2026
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ What rule do Lopez and Morrison collectively add to the commerce
power rules established by J&L? Answer: The commerce power does
not permit Congress to regulate noneconomic activities.
⩥ Which of the following is NOT a limitation on congressional spending
power? Answer: Congress may only use federal funds to regulate what it
may otherwise regulate under the Commerce Clause.
⩥ What are the two key questions in a commerce power case? Mark all
that apply. Answer: Whether the regulated activity is
commerce/intercourse.
Whether the commerce in question affects more than one state.
⩥ Which of the following best characterizes the scope of modern
congressional power to regulate economic activity? Answer: Very broad
⩥ Debates over the spending power closely track the ___-___ divide
Answer: Hamilton-Jefferson
, ⩥ What serious question did the Jones & Laughlin dissenters raise?
Answer: Is there any human activity beyond federal regulatory power?
⩥ Under the anti-commandeering principle, what does Congress remain
free to do? Answer: Prohibit states from acting in violation of federal
law
⩥ What two portions of the Constitution did Jones & Laughlin combine?
Answer: The Necessary and Proper Clause and the Interstate Commerce
Clause.
⩥ Select the best description of the 10th Amendment. Answer: The 10th
Amendment imposes ONE affirmative limit on federal power-the anti-
commandeering principle.
⩥ What was the main vehicle for the massive expansion of federal
power in the 20th century? Answer: The Commerce Power
⩥ Lopez, Morrison, and NFIB make it essential to focus on what?
Answer: What precisely Congress is seeking to regulate.
⩥ Which of the following most accurately describes how courts
determine whether congressional spending is consistent with the general
