Advanced Pathophysiology - Study Guides for Exam 1 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
CUSON questions with verified detailed solutions ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is Total Body Water? What is it composed of? - correct answer✔✔Total body water -
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
sum of all fluids across compartments (intracellular fluid+extracellular fluid)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
● Intracellular - cytoplasm, fluid in cell
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
● Extracellular - plasma (5%) interstitial fluid (15%)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
To what extent does total body water contribute to total body weight? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔Total - 60% in males, 50% in females ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
● Muscle has more water than fat
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
○ Obese person less fluid
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Explain the differences in Total body water in relation to body weight by age and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
gender. What factor contributes the most to these differences? Why? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔●Women have more body fat, therefore less water percentage ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
● The elderly would have less muscle mass and therefore less water
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
● Children tend to have more body fat - also at risk for dehydration
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What controls the distribution of fluids between ICF and ECF? - correct answer✔✔Fluid
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
movement into and out of cells controlled by Na+ and K+ pumps ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What controls the distribution of fluids between the Intravascular and Interstitial
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
compartments? - correct answer✔✔● 4 pressure gradients: ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
○ Plasma oncotic pressure - reabsorption
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ■ Pulling of fluid into capillary by albumin
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,○ Capillary blood pressure - ultrafiltration
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ■ Pushing of blood against vascular wall
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
○ Interstitial oncotic pressure - ultrafiltration
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ■ Pulling pressure ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ■ Injury to vascular wall, permeability that causes fluid to leak
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| out
○ Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ■ Pushing pressure ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ■ Reabsorption of fluid back into vascular space
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is edema? - correct answer✔✔Edema is swelling, fluid being pulled into the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
extracellular (interstitial) space. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Explain the common causes of Edema - correct answer✔✔Four main causes of edema
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1) Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| - Not enough nutrition, albumin is decreased → edematous
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| (nothing holding the fluid into the plasma) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2) Increased interstitial oncotic pressure
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| - Injury to the vascular wall which increases permeability
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3) Increased blood pressure
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| - increase of fluid pushing against the blood vessel wall.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
4) Lymphatic system blockage
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| - Blocking reabsorption of fluid - more fluid to hang out
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| in the interstitial space
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, What is a buffer? - correct answer✔✔Weak acids or bases that can accept or donate an H+
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
to prevent rapid changes in pH (of our blood)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the major buffering systems in the body? - correct answer✔✔● Examples:
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bicarbonate, hemoglobin, proteins, and phosphates ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
● Buffers help to prevent acidosis and alkalosis of our blood.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the differences between and causes of Respiratory Acidosis and Respiratory
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Alkalosis? - correct answer✔✔● Respiratory Acidosis ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ○ High carbon dioxide - from poor gas exchange, COPD
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ○ < 7.35 pH of blood
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
● Respiratory Alkalosis
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ○ Low carbon dioxide - breathing too fast/deeply as in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| hyperventilation ||\\//||
||\\//|| ○ > 7.45 pH of blood
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the differences between and causes of Metabolic Acidosis and Metabolic
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Alkalosis? - correct answer✔✔● Metabolic Acidosis ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ○ Low bicarbonate
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ○ < 7.35 pH of blood
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
● Metabolic Alkalosis
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ○ High bicarbonate
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ○ > 7.45 pH of blood
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Name several causes of Respiratory Alkalosis: - correct answer✔✔Low CO2, High pH,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
caused by: ||\\//||
hyperventilation, which commonly occurs with anxiety ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
CUSON questions with verified detailed solutions ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is Total Body Water? What is it composed of? - correct answer✔✔Total body water -
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
sum of all fluids across compartments (intracellular fluid+extracellular fluid)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
● Intracellular - cytoplasm, fluid in cell
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
● Extracellular - plasma (5%) interstitial fluid (15%)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
To what extent does total body water contribute to total body weight? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔Total - 60% in males, 50% in females ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
● Muscle has more water than fat
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
○ Obese person less fluid
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Explain the differences in Total body water in relation to body weight by age and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
gender. What factor contributes the most to these differences? Why? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔●Women have more body fat, therefore less water percentage ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
● The elderly would have less muscle mass and therefore less water
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
● Children tend to have more body fat - also at risk for dehydration
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What controls the distribution of fluids between ICF and ECF? - correct answer✔✔Fluid
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
movement into and out of cells controlled by Na+ and K+ pumps ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What controls the distribution of fluids between the Intravascular and Interstitial
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
compartments? - correct answer✔✔● 4 pressure gradients: ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
○ Plasma oncotic pressure - reabsorption
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ■ Pulling of fluid into capillary by albumin
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,○ Capillary blood pressure - ultrafiltration
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ■ Pushing of blood against vascular wall
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
○ Interstitial oncotic pressure - ultrafiltration
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ■ Pulling pressure ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ■ Injury to vascular wall, permeability that causes fluid to leak
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| out
○ Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ■ Pushing pressure ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ■ Reabsorption of fluid back into vascular space
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is edema? - correct answer✔✔Edema is swelling, fluid being pulled into the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
extracellular (interstitial) space. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Explain the common causes of Edema - correct answer✔✔Four main causes of edema
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1) Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| - Not enough nutrition, albumin is decreased → edematous
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| (nothing holding the fluid into the plasma) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2) Increased interstitial oncotic pressure
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| - Injury to the vascular wall which increases permeability
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3) Increased blood pressure
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| - increase of fluid pushing against the blood vessel wall.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
4) Lymphatic system blockage
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| - Blocking reabsorption of fluid - more fluid to hang out
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| in the interstitial space
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, What is a buffer? - correct answer✔✔Weak acids or bases that can accept or donate an H+
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
to prevent rapid changes in pH (of our blood)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the major buffering systems in the body? - correct answer✔✔● Examples:
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bicarbonate, hemoglobin, proteins, and phosphates ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
● Buffers help to prevent acidosis and alkalosis of our blood.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the differences between and causes of Respiratory Acidosis and Respiratory
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Alkalosis? - correct answer✔✔● Respiratory Acidosis ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ○ High carbon dioxide - from poor gas exchange, COPD
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ○ < 7.35 pH of blood
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
● Respiratory Alkalosis
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ○ Low carbon dioxide - breathing too fast/deeply as in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| hyperventilation ||\\//||
||\\//|| ○ > 7.45 pH of blood
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the differences between and causes of Metabolic Acidosis and Metabolic
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Alkalosis? - correct answer✔✔● Metabolic Acidosis ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ○ Low bicarbonate
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ○ < 7.35 pH of blood
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
● Metabolic Alkalosis
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ○ High bicarbonate
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| ○ > 7.45 pH of blood
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Name several causes of Respiratory Alkalosis: - correct answer✔✔Low CO2, High pH,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
caused by: ||\\//||
hyperventilation, which commonly occurs with anxiety ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
