Advanced Physiology & Pathophysiology Exam with ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
precise detailed answers ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is pathophysiology? - correct answer✔✔not only cellular and organ changes that
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
occur with disease, but with the effects that these changes have on total body function
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Atrophy - correct answer✔✔decrease in size of tissue organs resulting from a decrease in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cell size or in number of cells
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
causes include disuse, loss of trophic stimuli (i.e. loss of innervation), insufficient nutrients,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
decreased blood flow, persistent cell injury, and aging ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cells decrease cellular machinery, decrease oxygen/glucose needs, decrease number of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
organelles
Hypertrophy - correct answer✔✔increase in cell size, and thus an increase in amount of ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
functioning tissue mass ||\\//|| ||\\//||
results from an increased workload imposed on an organ or body part
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
involves an increase in the functional components of the cell that allows it to achieve
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
equilibrium b/w demand and functional capacity ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Hyperplasia - correct answer✔✔increase in number of cells in an organ or tissue ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙can only occur in tissues that are capable of mitotic division
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,controlled process that occurs in response to an appropriate stimulus and ceases after ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
stimulus has been removed ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
more dangerous than hypertrophy → b/c of increased division, increased risk of cancer
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
example: prostate, uterus/breast tissue in pregnancy/puberty ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Metaplasia - correct answer✔✔reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
another adult cell type
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙only kind of cell of that is replaced is present, i.e. epithelial cells are replaced by a different
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
type of epithelial cell
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
thought to involve the reprogramming of undifferentiated stem cells that are present in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
tissue
usually occurs in response to chronic irritation and inflammation which allows for
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
substitution of cells that are better able to survive ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
seen in Barrett's esophagus
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Dysplasia - correct answer✔✔characterized by deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
results in cells that vary in size, shape and appearance
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙thought of as replacement of mature cell by immature cells, that can differentiate into
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
different cell types ||\\//|| ||\\//||
involves sequential mutations in proliferating cell populations ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,pattern is most frequently encountered in metaplastic squamous epithelium of respiratory
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
tract and uterine cervix ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
strongly implicated as a precursor to cancer ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Levels of Cellular Injury - correct answer✔✔stress causes cell to adapt, but at some point it
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
will eventually cause injury
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
injuries can lead to cell death, but at some point along cellular pathway, the injury can be
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
reversible
at some point, the injury becomes irreversible, and the cell will die, either by apoptosis or
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
necrosis
Stresses: mechanical forces (usually superficial injuries), electrical injuries, (electricity can
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
carry heat that damages, electrical impulses can change electrical balance w/in body),
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
nutritional imbalances, biological agents (viruses/bacteria), poisons ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Hypoxia - correct answer✔✔hypoxia = lack of oxygen ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙ischemia = lack of blood flow ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙ischemia can cause hypoxia ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
without oxygen, 2 things happen in cell ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙inability to make ATP affects polarization of membrane ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙not having O2 changes us from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Extremes of Temperature - correct answer✔✔Heat ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, ∙accelerates cell metabolism ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙inactivates temperature sensitive enzymes (can alter metabolism) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙disrupts the cell membrane ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙coagulation of blood vessels ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙coagulation of tissue proteins ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cold
∙increases blood viscosity ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙induces vasoconstriction (SNS) ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙ice crystal formation
||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙capillary stasis ||\\//||
∙arteriolar and capillary thrombosis ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Chemical Agents - correct answer✔✔similar to poisons that can cause cellular damage
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
lead causes problems in body b/c unlike a lot of other substances, there is no threshold of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
lead that is safe for the body
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙very high levels of lead can cause mental retardation, coma, convulsion and death
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙low levels of lead can cause reduced IQ and attention span, impaired growth, reading and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
learning disabilities, hearing loss and a range of other health/behavioral effects
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Lead - correct answer✔✔no threshold of lead that is safe for the body
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
able to cross blood-brain barrier
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙confuses calcium transporters and takes the place of calcium ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙unique to lead ||\\//|| ||\\//||
precise detailed answers ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is pathophysiology? - correct answer✔✔not only cellular and organ changes that
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
occur with disease, but with the effects that these changes have on total body function
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Atrophy - correct answer✔✔decrease in size of tissue organs resulting from a decrease in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cell size or in number of cells
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
causes include disuse, loss of trophic stimuli (i.e. loss of innervation), insufficient nutrients,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
decreased blood flow, persistent cell injury, and aging ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cells decrease cellular machinery, decrease oxygen/glucose needs, decrease number of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
organelles
Hypertrophy - correct answer✔✔increase in cell size, and thus an increase in amount of ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
functioning tissue mass ||\\//|| ||\\//||
results from an increased workload imposed on an organ or body part
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
involves an increase in the functional components of the cell that allows it to achieve
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
equilibrium b/w demand and functional capacity ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Hyperplasia - correct answer✔✔increase in number of cells in an organ or tissue ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙can only occur in tissues that are capable of mitotic division
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,controlled process that occurs in response to an appropriate stimulus and ceases after ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
stimulus has been removed ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
more dangerous than hypertrophy → b/c of increased division, increased risk of cancer
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
example: prostate, uterus/breast tissue in pregnancy/puberty ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Metaplasia - correct answer✔✔reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
another adult cell type
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙only kind of cell of that is replaced is present, i.e. epithelial cells are replaced by a different
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
type of epithelial cell
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
thought to involve the reprogramming of undifferentiated stem cells that are present in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
tissue
usually occurs in response to chronic irritation and inflammation which allows for
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
substitution of cells that are better able to survive ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
seen in Barrett's esophagus
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Dysplasia - correct answer✔✔characterized by deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
results in cells that vary in size, shape and appearance
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙thought of as replacement of mature cell by immature cells, that can differentiate into
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
different cell types ||\\//|| ||\\//||
involves sequential mutations in proliferating cell populations ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,pattern is most frequently encountered in metaplastic squamous epithelium of respiratory
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
tract and uterine cervix ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
strongly implicated as a precursor to cancer ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Levels of Cellular Injury - correct answer✔✔stress causes cell to adapt, but at some point it
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
will eventually cause injury
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
injuries can lead to cell death, but at some point along cellular pathway, the injury can be
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
reversible
at some point, the injury becomes irreversible, and the cell will die, either by apoptosis or
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
necrosis
Stresses: mechanical forces (usually superficial injuries), electrical injuries, (electricity can
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
carry heat that damages, electrical impulses can change electrical balance w/in body),
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
nutritional imbalances, biological agents (viruses/bacteria), poisons ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Hypoxia - correct answer✔✔hypoxia = lack of oxygen ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙ischemia = lack of blood flow ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙ischemia can cause hypoxia ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
without oxygen, 2 things happen in cell ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙inability to make ATP affects polarization of membrane ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙not having O2 changes us from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Extremes of Temperature - correct answer✔✔Heat ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, ∙accelerates cell metabolism ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙inactivates temperature sensitive enzymes (can alter metabolism) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙disrupts the cell membrane ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙coagulation of blood vessels ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙coagulation of tissue proteins ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cold
∙increases blood viscosity ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙induces vasoconstriction (SNS) ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙ice crystal formation
||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙capillary stasis ||\\//||
∙arteriolar and capillary thrombosis ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Chemical Agents - correct answer✔✔similar to poisons that can cause cellular damage
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
lead causes problems in body b/c unlike a lot of other substances, there is no threshold of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
lead that is safe for the body
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙very high levels of lead can cause mental retardation, coma, convulsion and death
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙low levels of lead can cause reduced IQ and attention span, impaired growth, reading and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
learning disabilities, hearing loss and a range of other health/behavioral effects
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Lead - correct answer✔✔no threshold of lead that is safe for the body
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
able to cross blood-brain barrier
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙confuses calcium transporters and takes the place of calcium ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
∙unique to lead ||\\//|| ||\\//||
